Antti's lectures

Question 1

Testability

Answer 1

Statements in science have to intersubjectively testable

Question 2

Falsifiability

Answer 2

The capacity for a theory or hypothesis to be proven wrong

Question 3

Scientific publishing and public criticism

Answer 3

Whoever puts forward a statement about any aspect of reality has the burden of producing convincing evidence

Question 4

Peer-review

Answer 4

The quality control of scientific publishing

Question 5

Self-critical attitude

Answer 5

Scientists need to be equally critical to their own theories as they are to others

Question 6

No absolute authorities

Answer 6

No person or authority is above criticism in science

Question 7

Self-correction

Answer 7

Science is a self-critical open belief system in a constant process

Question 8

Philosophy of science

Answer 8

What science tells us about reality, appearance vs reality

Question 9

Scientific realism

Answer 9

Tries to answer the questions: “What is science?” and “What does science tell us about reality?”

Question 10

Naive realism

Answer 10

Appearance=reality

Question 11

Trepanation

Answer 11

To remove parts of the scull

Question 12

Atonism

Answer 12

The brain can be divided into anatomically (structure) and psychological (function) parts

Question 13

Holism

Answer 13

The brain cannot be divided into parts, it constitutes as one network

Question 14

The cell theory

Answer 14

Living organisms are made up of cells, material objects - atomic constituents, living tissue - cellular elements as discrete units, neural tissue - a tangled net

Question 15

The reticular theory

Answer 15

Neural tissue is a vast physically continuous network

Question 16

Neuron theory

Answer 16

Neurons are individual cells

Question 17

Functional localization

Answer 17

Localizationism and anti-localizationism, are both partially correct

Question 18

Localizationism

Answer 18

Mental functions can be localized in different parts of the brain, the brain is a collection of “mental organs”

Question 19

Anti-localizationism

Answer 19

Different mental functions cannot be localized in different parts of the brain, each mental function activates the whole brain

Question 20

Cartesian dualism

Answer 20

The soul is beyond science, it belongs in religion

Question 21

Phrenology

Answer 21

You can localize different mental functions in different parts of the brain, the size and mass of the brain directly correlates with the strength of mental capacity

Question 22

Lesion localizationism

Answer 22

To localize damage in the brain

Question 23

Wernicke’s aphasic

Answer 23

People with damage in a specific area of the temporal lobe can speak fluently, but what they are saying does not make much sense

Question 24

Broca’s aphasic

Answer 24

The person understand what is being said to him/her but speaks with difficulty, if at all

Question 25

Anomic aphasic

Answer 25

No names

Question 26

Cognitive science

Answer 26

"Maps of the mind", functional analysis of the mind

Question 27

Neuroscience

Answer 27

"Maps of the brain", anatomical/psychological analysis of the brain

Question 28

Functional decomposition

Answer 28

Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology

Question 29

Cognitive psychology

Answer 29

Patterns of normal performance, measurable aspect of behavior in a task

Question 30

Cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 30

Patterns of performance in brain-damaged patients

Question 31

Gross neuroanatomy

Answer 31

Reveals macro anatomy of the brain

Question 32

Fine neuroanatomy

Answer 32

Tracer stains (living tissue, make connections visible), fixation (solid), staining methods (make single neurons visible), microtome (cutting thin slices)

Question 33

Connectomics

Answer 33

Mapping the "connectome" (wiring diagram) of the brain

Question 34

Structural brain imaging

Answer 34

CT, CAT, MRI, shows only the anatomical structures of the brain, no change in the image in the matter of thinking

Question 35

Functional brain imaging

Answer 35

Detects signals arising from the brain metabolism, PET - blood flow, energy consumption, fMRI - blood oxygen level

Question 36

Electromagnetic brain sensing

Answer 36

EEG (Hans Berger), MEG, measures brain electrical activity

Question 37

Electromagnetic brain stimulation

Answer 37

TMS, tDCs, tACs, measures brain stimulation

Question 38

Spatial resolution

Answer 38

Tells us where in the brain something is happening

Question 39

Temporal resolution

Answer 39

Tells us when something is happening

Question 40

Truthlikeness

Answer 40

Some propositions are more or less true than other propositions

Question 41

The cardio centric view

Answer 41

The heart is the center of intellectual and perceptual functions

Question 42

The ventricle theory

Answer 42

Galenos, the intellectual soul has three parts, imagination, cognition, memory

Question 43

Neologism

Answer 43

Wernicke's "word salad"

Question 44

Karl Popper

Answer 44

Truthlikeness, falisifiability

Question 45

Plato

Answer 45

Believed in a soul with three parts

Question 46

Aristotle

Answer 46

The function of the brain is to cool down blood, the cardio centric view

Question 47

Hippocrate

Answer 47

Believed in a soul seated only in the brain

Question 48

Galenos

Answer 48

Speech does not come from the chest and the brain does not cool down blood, nerves as tubes where animal spirits flow, the ventricle theory

Question 49

Galvani

Answer 49

Electrotherapy/galvanism

Question 50

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 50

Dissections, detailed descriptions of the brain

Question 51

Renee Descartes

Answer 51

The soul is one and has its seat in the brain (pineal gland)

Question 52

Cajal

Answer 52

Discovered that neurons are individual cells, the neuron theory

Question 53

Golgi

Answer 53

The reticular theory, the nervous system, the brain is a single continuous network

Question 54

Flourens

Answer 54

Against phrenology, believed in a unified soul/mind that cannot be separated into different parts

Question 55

Emanuel Swedenborg

Answer 55

Identified effects of frontal lobe lesions to higher cognitive functions, localizationism

Question 56

Broca

Answer 56

Disorders of speech are associated with damage in a region of the left frontal lobe

Question 57

Wernicke

Answer 57

Damage to an area in the temporal lobe, close to the auditory cortex, results in another type of language disorder

Question 58

Frantz Josef Gall

Answer 58

Phrenology

Question 59

Wilder Penfield

Answer 59

Used stimulation of conscious patients during brain surgery

Question 60

Brodmann

Answer 60

Published maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys and other species

Question 61

Hans Berger

Answer 61

EEG

Question 62

Association

Answer 62

One damage hurts two functions in one area

Question 63

Dissociation

Answer 63

One damage hurts one function in one area

Question 64

Double dissociation

Answer 64

One damage hurts two different functions in two different patients