anxiety and self confidence 1

Question 1

two types of anxiety

Answer 1

somatic and cognitive

Question 2

somatic anxiety

Answer 2

conditioned response to competition = neurons- muscle contractions - hr - breathing

Question 3

cognitive anxiety

Answer 3

marked by worry - narrowing perceptual fields - loss pf awareness

Question 4

three main theories of arousal

Answer 4

drive theory - Hull 1943
catastrophe theory - Hardy 1990
Inverted u hypothesis - Yerkes 1908

Question 5

multidimensional anxiety theory

author - explanation- how it is measured

Answer 5

Martens 1990
different components of anxiety and performance
cognitive/somatic/self-confidence

measured by competitive state anxiety inventory - 2

Question 6

what has woodman 2003 found about anxiety performance relationship

Answer 6

anxiety affected males more than females
male: cognitive, medium negative effect on performance where as women only have small

anxiety effects high performance athletes= due to varacility of performance-
lower standard- performance is more variable

Question 7

what has Jones 1993 found about anxiety performance relationship

Answer 7

worked with gymnasts looking at interpretation of symptoms and intensity and direction for anxiety

higher performers find it beneficial

Question 8

process efficiency theory

Answer 8

Eysenck 1992

Question 9

what is the process efficiency theory

Answer 9

anxiety effects processing efficiency, mediated by working memory resources rather than task effectiveness

anxious athletes have to work harder to maintain same level of performance

impairs efficiency more than effectiveness

Question 10

difference between effectiveness and efficiency

Answer 10

effectiveness - quality of performance

efficiency - performance effort

Question 11

trait anxiety theory

author and study

Answer 11

Smith 2001
volleyball layers
high anxiety - threat becomes critical to win - performance drops off
put a lot more effort in - even though they did not perform aswell

Question 12

factors affecting A-P relationship (3)

Answer 12

trait anxiety
ego depletion
perceived pressure

Question 13

perceived pressure

Answer 13

pijers 2005

identical traverse climb - low pressure vs high pressure
used anxiety thermometer as a measure
found greater climbing time, muscle fatigue, less smooth displacement of COG.

manifest of behaviour effects cognitive/tired/less efficient.

Question 14

ego depletion

author and study

Answer 14

Englert 2012

basketball free throws/dart throwing
how self control strength and state anxiety interact to predict sport performance participants with depleted self control strength performed worse in specific tasks as their anxiety increased.

when personal resources are depleted = less put into sibsident task
glucose=cortisol=not enough glucose = less efficient at making decisions and precision allocation.

Question 15

how can ego depletion

Answer 15

increasing self control strength could reduce negative anxiety effects in sports and improve athletes performance under pressure.

Question 16

attentional control theory
(author and study)

what are the three main effects?

Answer 16

Eynseck 2007

shifting/inhibiting/updating
juggerling a lot of information at the same time - stimulous driven attentional drive = what we choose to look at

Question 17

what is shifting ?

Answer 17

shifting back and forth between multiple tasks, operations, or mental stress

miyakee 2000

Question 18

what is Inhibition ?

Answer 18

ones ability to deliberately inhibit dominant, autonomic or proponent responses when necessary

miyakee 2000

Question 19

what is updating?

Answer 19

updating and monitoring of working memory representations

miyakee 2000

Question 20

how many hypothesis is there to the attentional control theory ?

Answer 20

6

Question 21

anxiety and executive functioning

author - study

Answer 21

petra - 2013

shifting and inhibiton efficiently negatively related to state and trait anxiety
trait - anxious people are better at updateing

Question 22

anxiety and visual attention

Answer 22

Nieuwenhuys, 2008

climbers - same route different height - low and high stress

more movements undertaken when stressed
more eye fixations and increased duration of fixations
onset and duration of quiet eye effects performance

Question 23

higher cognitive ad somatic anxiety found when in high threat conditions when confidence is lower

Answer 23

Wilson 2009

basketball free throw

accuracy si worst within high threat condition
earlier and longer QE period with control condition/ also more successful shots
high threat conditions = more fixations and misses + shorter fixations

Question 24

distraction and visual attraction

Answer 24

wood 2010

particiants spent more time looking at the ball of the keeper or goal
shots controlled when goalkeeper was moving
keeper saved more often when he moved

Question 25

anxiety task interactions

Answer 25

Nibberling 2012 higher anxiety in HA condition - also higher in novices HR also higher in HA conditions - lower in novices novices dart throwing accuracy determined in HA conditions, experts did not HA= dart throwing times increased reduced fixation duration on bulls eye under HA condition higher gaze behaviour in HA final fixation onset later in HA conditions

Question 26

changes in QE at point of failure

Answer 26

Vine 2013 higher cognitive anxiety in shootout relative to baseline longer preparation phase for first putts relative to penultimate ones total QE duration shorter for final puts than for first and penultimate one

Question 27

anxiety and anticipation in tennis

Answer 27

Cocks 2016 | processing efficiency was lower in HA conditions

Question 28

there is a consistent .......relationship between ......... anxiety and .......performance

Answer 28

negative cognitive sport

Question 29

the relationship between ........ and ....... is positive

Answer 29

confidence | performance

Question 30

What is act ?

Answer 30

anxiety impairs processing efficiency to a greater extent than performance effectiveness on tasks requiring executive function

Question 31

anxiety activates stimulus driven attentional ....

Answer 31

system to a greater extent

Question 32

anxiety impairs the ability ...

Answer 32

to focus on task -relevant stimuli

Question 33

antecedents of self efficacy ?

Answer 33

``` successful performance social persuasion imaginal experiences vicarious experiences perceptions of ones emotional state ```

Question 34

intervention strategies

Answer 34

emotional - mental rehearsal physical relaxation vicarious experiences social/verbal persuasion imaginal experiences - self modelling

Question 35

banduara 1977

Answer 35

self efficacy is the belief in ones ability to successfully perform the behaviour in question successfully

Question 36

what are the 4 inputs to self efficacy judgments

Answer 36

performance accomplishments vicarious experiences social persuasion physiological and emotional states

Question 37

social cognitive theory

Answer 37

outcomes and expectations = associated confidence in ability = situation specific

Question 38

self efficacy predicts physical performance

Answer 38

helper & chase (2008) single item measure for decision SE on a fielding scenarios #decision making #field task #task self efficacy nether type of se predicted physical performance 13% variance in physical performance scores were predicted by strength of dm and se but decision se does not predict dm performance

Question 39

collective efficacy

Answer 39

Dunlop 2011 looks into the beliefs of people around you and their ability = effects your own performance using verbal persuasion they artificially decreased individuals self efficacy partner enhanced condition out performed those in partner inhibited condition believe yourself good and partner good = performed better no effect of se on performance

Question 40

who found a significant correlation between se and collective efficacy scores and between ce and performance improvement over time ?

Answer 40

Son 2011 group focused self talk responded higher SE than control and improved collective efficacy, greater confidence in self or other person = creates a better performance = work harder in partners than groups of 6 + bigger performance improvement within group focused self talk, helps enhance reputation of team round you

Question 41

Both SE management and se strength correlated with performance

Answer 41

beatie 2011 looked into golfers and putting performance improved over blocks of putts as did se magnitude and strength previous se magnitude had marginally significant negative relationship

Question 42

who looked into basketball players and how se leads to decision making

Answer 42

helper and fitz 2012 se was sole predictor of participants tendency to make correct decisions with playing experience and bb knowledge also as a predictor particiants with high se generated fewer options that of those with lower confidence in ones own ability

Question 43

how athletes concentrate on verbal persuasion it may improve their se = performance further

Answer 43

Weinburg 2012 all participants undertook a set of self talk improved their performance but no significant group differences witin post experimental questionnaire

Question 44

practice satisfaction is alos important = good preparation may enhance se controversy with bandura model

Answer 44

Bruten 2013 = experience did not seem to contribute to se lower handicap = higher set efficacy

Question 45

self efficacy may be a good predictor of ....

Answer 45

...physical, not c=dm performance improved se individuals tend to make more efficient decisions helper 2012

Question 46

beatie 2011

Answer 46

one can be over confident

Question 47

combination of self set motivational an instructional self talk can...

Answer 47

....increase se and consequently performance in gross motor skill such as distance running

Question 48

se can be easily increased with ...

Answer 48

...appropriate verbal feedback and video self modelling (long term not short) Jennings 2013