choking Flashcards
(31 cards)
what is choking ?
the inability to perform up to previous exhibited standards - Daniel 1981
what are the yips ?
smith 2003
caused by a physiological condition and treated through physical modifications of the sporting action
two theories of choking ?
drive and attentional
what is the drive theory ?
believe that performance can be affected detrimentally by an increased level of arousal/drive, produced by the desire to perform well under pressure
inverted u - catastrophe - drive arousal/ performance graphs
(spence 1966)
what is the attentional drive theories ?
more likely explanation of choking under pressure
divided in to distraction theory (carver 1981)
and self focus theories (baumister 1984)
distraction theory ?
pressure induced anxiety will occupy the athletes working memory
create a dual task condition in which anxiety - related thoughts are processed alongside information required for a skill execution.
(carver 1998)
processing efficiency theory ?
inefficient processing will affect performance unless the athlete responds with increased effort
(eynsenck 1992)
how do significantly high level of anxiety effect performance ? Williams 2002
or completion of cognitive tasks under high ressure is thought to overwhelm the working memory sytem and create a level of processing ineficeny that can nbot be over come by effort alone
what is explicit monitoring ?
conscious attempt ensure the correctness of this execution by monitoring the process of performance
Buamister 1984
what is reinvestment ?
exertion of conscious control over autonomic processes using explicit rules that govern the skill
what did beumister 1984 find out about home success
home success increased within games where there was no potential to win or loose
they also found that home success decreased during decider games — but this is disputed
should the effect of explicit monitoring will be moderated by skill level ?
beilock 2004
dual task vs skill focused
novice was found to be more stable than the expert
Icing the kicker
Gokdschmied 2010
NFL data
taking time out before pressure kick deceased success rate
increases thinking time
Jackson 2006 found that process goals are….
detrimental to performance under pressure
focusing on ones own skill decreases
manipulate conscious control = process goals
reinvestment scale
masters 1993
individuals classified as high reinvesters were more likely to suffer skill failure under pressure than low reinvesters
high scores = prone to skill failure of motor skills
when will performers engage more in explicit monitoring when….
gray 2004
…. a slump in form
(slump - consistently performing bad)
sleek - cocious they are well within heir performance
set of a tone
slee- terrible at knowing when the tone goes off
slump = trying to conscious control actions
what does streak performace cause
grey 2004
less attention to their movement, do know when the tone goes off
what does slump performance cause ?
grey 2004
more attention to movement
trying to conscious control actions
peak performance will …
contain little evidence of explicit monitoring
ravizza 1977
decision specific reinvestment scale
kinrade 201 0
measures movement specific and decision making
not very specific
what are the self regulation breakdown in response to ego theat ?
baumister 1997
escape/avoidance
explicit monitoring
risk taking
high avoidance % =
lower success rate
avoidance behaviour in response time to whistle
smallest time behaviour - want it over and done with - negative thoughts = no success
what are the two interventions which target explicit monitoring to prevent choking
adaptation training
beilock 2001
external focus
