Anxiety and stressor related problems

Question 1

specific phobias

Answer 1

marked fear or anxiety confined to a specific object or situation

Question 2

five subgroups of specific phobias

Answer 2

1. animal phobias
2. natural environment phobias
3. blood-injection-injury-phobias
4. situational phobias
5. other phobias

Question 3

specific phobia: diagnsosis criteria

Answer 3

disproportinate fear relating to a specific object or situation
actively avoided
significant distress in important areas of functioning
symptoms cannot be explained by other mental disorders and persist for at least 6 months

Question 4

Psychoanalytic accounts for specific phobias

Answer 4

Theoretical explanations that may be able to explain why someone has a phobia
This method was developed by Freud
Freud suggested and saw phobias as a defense against anxiety produced by repressed id impulses.
The function of phobias was to avoid confrontation with the real underlying impulses

Question 5

preparedness theory

Answer 5

suggests we have a biological prewiriting to acquire specific phobias
Seligman propsoed that we are born with the predisposition to learn to fear these stimuli.

Question 6

evolutionary perspective

Answer 6

biological predisposition to learn to associate fear with stimuli that have been hazardous for our ancestors

Question 7

Neural cicuitry underlies phobias.

Answer 7

Amygdala - mediates fearful respinding to phobic stimulus located within the medial temporal loves
Amygdala plays a significant role in the formation of storage of memories associated with emotionally relevant events, and acts as neural centre that identifies emotional input and then coordinates this information from higher cortical areas and subcortical nuclei

Question 8

Cognitive theories

Answer 8

suggest that phobias are acquired by cognitive biases or maladaptive thinking

Question 9

mutliple pathways

Answer 9

traumatic experiences
emotions
disease-avoidance model

Question 10

interventions

Answer 10

exposure therapy
systematic desensitisation
flooding

Question 11

PTSD: diagnosis

Answer 11

exposure
intrusive symptoms
avoid external/internal reminders
negative changes in cognitions and mood
increased arousal and reactivity

Question 12

Heretibality component of PTSD

Answer 12

estimated to be 30%

Question 13

Vulnerability factors of PTSD

Answer 13

-Highly anxious
-Low iq
-mental defeat
-family history
-developmental factors
-feel overly responsible

Question 14

PTSD: conditioning theory

Answer 14

trauma becomes associated at the time of the trauma with situation cues associated with the time and place of the trauma
when these cues are accounted in the future, they elicit the arousal and fear that was experienced during the trauma.

Question 15

what makes up the dual representation theory to PTSDT

Answer 15

Vam: Verbally accessible memory
SAM: situationally accessible memory

Question 16

WHAT is verbally accessible memory

Answer 16

easily accessible information
integrated with biographical memories

Question 17

what is situationally accessible memory

Answer 17

perception based information received from sensnory channels
records information that is not consciously processed

Question 18

Psychological debriefing

Answer 18

aim to prevent the development of PTSD after the trauma

Question 19

exposure theories

Answer 19

based on confronting and experiencing the events relevant to the trauma

Question 20

cognitive restructuring

Answer 20

1. evaluate and replace intrusive or negative automatic thoughts
2. evaluate and change dysfunctional beliefs

Question 21

intrusive thoughts in OCD

Answer 21

For the person with OCD such thoughts and actions are repeated often and result in a distressing and disabling life.

Question 22

what are obsessions

Answer 22

intrusive and recurring thoughts that the individual finds disturbing and uncontrollable

Question 23

compulsions

Answer 23

represent repetitive or ritualised behaviour patterns that the individual feels driven to perform in order to prevent some negative outcome from happening

Question 24

types of OCD

Answer 24

Checking
Contamination
Symmetry and ordering
Ruminations/intrusive thoughts

Question 25

OCD diagnosis

Answer 25

diagnosis is dependent on the obsessions and compulsions causing marked distress, being time consuming or significantly interfering with the persons normal daily living,

Question 26

Biological factors of OCD

Answer 26

Twin studies have found high concordance for monoxygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. Family relatives of individuals with OCD are more likely to have a diagnosis of OCD than non-family controls.

Question 27

Psychological factors of OCD: Clinical constructs

Answer 27

purpose of these constructs is to link the thoughts, beliefs and cognitive processes to subsequent symptoms

Question 28

inflated responsibility

Answer 28

sufferers tend to have inflated conceptions of their own responsibility for preventing harm. They believe they have tohe power to prevent the negative outcome.

Question 29

Thought action fusion

Answer 29

Many sufferers believe that their thoughts can influence events in the world

Question 30

mental contamination

Answer 30

feelings of dirtiness provoked without any physical contact with a contaminent. This can be caused by images, thoughts and memories

Question 31

Thought suppression

Answer 31

Obessive thoughts are interusive and aversive they may try to actively supress them

Question 32

ocd interventions

Answer 32

1. graded exposure 2. ritual prevention

Question 33

CBT

Answer 33

Based on targeting and modifying dysfunctional beliefs that OCD sufferers hold about their fear, thoughts, and the significance of their rituals.

Question 34

Pharmacological

Answer 34

cheap way, SSRIS

Question 35

Neurosurgery

Answer 35

last resort