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PSY3456 - Mental Health & Psychological Interventions > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is fear?

A

An immediate alarm reaction triggered by a perceived danger which prepares the body either for fight or flight.

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2
Q

What is a fear true alarm and false alarm?

A

A true alarm is when fear is in response to a direct danger.

A false alarm occurs when there is no direct threat.

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3
Q

Describe what vulnerabilities increase the sensitivity of an individual’s fear alarm trigger.

A

Biological vulnerability

Generalised psychological vulnerability

A specific psychological vulnerability acquired, for example, through conditioning

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4
Q

What is the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression?

A

Autonomic/anxious arousal (e.g., increased HR & blood pressure; & panic disorder)

Negative affectivity (e.g., increased anxiety, anger, shame; & GAD)

Low positive affectivity (e.g., sadness and lethargy; & social anxiety)

Negative affect and anxious arousal link to symptoms of anxiety disorders, negative affect and low positive effect lead to symptoms of depression.

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5
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing an anxiety disorder?

A

Marked and consistent fear when a specific object or situation is encountered.

Fear is out of proportion to the danger posed by the object or situation.

Fear causes emotional, social and/or occupational disruption.

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6
Q

According to the DSM-5, what are the four subtypes of phobias?

A

Animal

Natural environment (e.g., heights, water)

Blood, injection and injury

Situational (e.g., airplanes, enclosed spaces)

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7
Q

When do most anxiety specific disorders begin?

A

Most begin in childhood and early adolescence

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8
Q

Is there a heritable component to anxiety specific phobias?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What treatment is most effective for phobias and how does it work?

A

Exposure-based treatments.

Works through extinction OR by challenging expectations of danger leading to an increased sense of control.

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10
Q

What are the DSM-5 Criteria for a Panic Disorder?

A

Recurring uncontrolled panic attacks as well as persistent worry about having additional attacks and their consequences

Presence of significant changes in behaviour related to panic, e.g., avoiding exercise because it may increase heart rate

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11
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Agoraphobia?

A

Marked fear or anxiety about being in places from which escape is difficult e.g., public transport, enclosed spaces.

Feared situations are actively avoided or endured with intense fear

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12
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence for Panic Disorder?

A

Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 3.5 per cent

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13
Q

What vulnerabilities are associated with Panic Disorder?

A

Generalised biological vulnerability (e.g., neuroticism)

Generalised psychological vulnerability (e.g., anxiety sensitivity)

Specific psychological vulnerability (e.g., catastrophising physical sensations)

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14
Q

What are commonly used treatments for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia?

A

Medications

Cognitive behaviour therapy including graded exposure to feared situations

Psychoeducation

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15
Q

How is Social Anxiety diagnosed?

A

Marked fear or anxiety in social situations

Fear of negative evaluation by others

The anxiety interferes with the individual’s functioning

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16
Q

What is the most common and earliest in onset of the anxiety disorders?

A

Social anxiety

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17
Q

What do twin studies of Social Anxiety Disorder suggest?

A

A genetic vulnerability

18
Q

What are commonly used treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Cognitive behaviour therapy, either individually or in groups

Psychoeducation about the disorder

Challenging negative cognitions

Exposure to feared social situations

Imagery rescripting

19
Q

How is Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) diagnosed?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events such as work, relationships, health, etc.

Worry or anxiety must have been present on most days for at least six months

Worry is difficult to control and is associated with symptoms such as sleep problems and agitation

20
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

A

6.1 per cent

21
Q

What is the information processing model for GAD?

A

People with GAD are vigilant for potential threats

22
Q

What are commonly used treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

A

Medications

Cognitive behaviour therapy–Includes relaxation training and graded exposure

Interpersonal psychotherapy–Addresses interpersonal problems

Mindfulness meditation –Individuals learn to be more present-focused, rather than future-focused

23
Q

What period of life is there the highest prevalence for anxiety specific disorders?

A

Prevalence is greater among children than adults

24
Q

What is the general lifetime prevalence for anxiety specific disorders?

A

Lifetime prevalence is estimated at 7–9 per cent

25
Q

What is the female to male ratio for anxiety specific disorders?

A

Female to male ratio is 2:1

26
Q

Can anxiety specific phobias be acquired through classical conditioning

A

Yes but not in all cases

27
Q

What are the major issues with the classical conditioning account for anxiety specific phobias?

A

Phobic fears are not distributed evenly across all possible stimuli + Many people with phobias do not recall an initial traumatic

28
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia?

A

Lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia is 2.3 per cent

29
Q

Is panic disorder more common in males or females?

A

Panic disorder is somewhat more common among females

30
Q

What happens to the female to male ratio as the severity of agoraphobia increases?

A

The proportion of females to males increases as the severity of agoraphobia increases

31
Q

When do 50% of sufferers of Social Anxiety Disorder report onset?

A

Prior to 12 years of age

32
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder

A

8 per cent

33
Q

Is social anxiety more more common in females or males

A

Females

34
Q

How can parental criticism impact Social Anxiety?

A

Excessive parental criticism may undermine self confidence

35
Q

How do Cognitive dysfunctions impact Social Anxiety?

A

May distort the way in which people perceive how others evaluate them

36
Q

Is Generalised Anxiety Disorder more common in women or men?

A

Women

37
Q

Does GAD have an early or late age of onset?

A

Early age of onset

38
Q

What is the Meta cognitive model for GAD?

A

People with GAD hold both positive and negative beliefs about worry

39
Q

What is the Avoidance theory of worry for GAD?

A

People with GAD use worry as a strategy to avoid fears or concerns

40
Q

What is the intolerance of uncertainty model for GAD?

A

People with GAD have a need to control

PSY3456 - Mental Health & Psychological Interventions (13 decks)

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