Addictive Disorders

Question 1

How is Addictive Disorder diagnosed?

Answer 1

DSM-5 criteria to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder an
individual must show certain symptoms within a 12-
month period

These include such symptoms as: Consume large amounts, Large focus on obtaining, Strong cravings when the substance is absent, Desire to and often unsuccessful attempts at reducing
substance use, Negative impact on life roles, Negative impact on interpersonal functioning and
relationships

Question 2

How is Tolerance evident in Substance Use Disorders?

Answer 2

Tolerance is evident by either:
a) a need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve
same effect, or
b) diminished effect for the same amount of substance

Question 3

What is the most commonly used drug in Australia?

Answer 3

Alcohol

Question 4

What is the disease model of addiction?

Answer 4

Describes addiction as a medical disorder in which a loss of control is
central

Question 5

What do twin studies suggest about the development of substance use?

Answer 5

There is a strong genetic component in the development of substance use
disorder

Question 6

What does incentive-sensitation theory propose?

Answer 6

Drugs and addiction change the areas of the brain responsible for
the incentive to use the drugs

Question 7

What is the tri-dimensional personality theory?

Answer 7

Suggests that an interaction between three dimensions of
personality influences vulnerability to substance use:

These traits are:

1. Novelty seeking
2. Harm avoidance
3. Reward dependence

Question 8

What is the outcome expectancy theory of addiction?

Answer 8

Cognitive theory of addiction which states that an individual’s expectation of
positive consequences from substance use increases
propensity to use

Question 9

What is the PRIME theory of addiction?

Answer 9

Plan, respond, motivate, invest and
evaluations

Teaches individual to focus on the moment
– Accounts for the effect of neural plasticity
– Addresses issues of identity and self-awareness
– Acknowledges that motivation is unstable

Question 10

What influences substance use disorder?

Answer 10

Family functioning, parental modelling, low levels of
parental monitoring, and permissive or harsh
disciplinary approaches are linked to substance use

Cultural influences—availability, cost and the social
acceptability of substances influence use

Question 11

How is Substance Use disorder treated?

Answer 11

Set up goals

Detoxification

Use of medications

CBT

Question 12

How is Gambling Disorder diagnosed?

Answer 12

DSM-5 gambling disorder is defined as persistent
and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour
leading to impairment and distress

Criteria include a need to gamble with increasing
amounts of money, repeated unsuccessful attempts
to control gambling, preoccupation with gambling
and irritability when trying to cut back on gambling

Question 13

What percentage of adolescents meet the criteria for pathological gambling?

Answer 13

5% which is 2–5 times the rate for adults

Question 14

What personality factor is associated with problem gambling?

Answer 14

Impulsivity

Question 15

How can family life contribute to the development of problem gambling?

Answer 15

Early negative childhood experiences can increase the chance of gambling problems

Question 16

How is Withdrawal evident in Substance Use Disorders?

Answer 16

Withdrawal is evident by either:

a) a range of symptoms that emerge after cessation in use, or
b) taking a substance in order to alleviate these symptoms

Question 17

When does substance use disorder predominantly occur?

Answer 17

Younger people

Question 18

Does earlier first use of a drug increases the chance of

developing a substance use disorder in later life?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What percentage of those with a substance use disorder in Australia also have other mental disorders?

Answer 19

35%

Question 20

Why are older people more susceptible to the effects of alcohol?

Answer 20

Increased mortality from falls, motor vehicle accidents and suicide

Question 21

What percentage of Australian adults have been affected by the substance abuse of others?

Answer 21

Almost 75 per cent

Question 22

What is the difference of prevalence of harmful alcohol use among
Indigenous Australians vs non-Indigenous Australians?

Answer 22

Estimated to be twice that of non-Indigenous

Question 23

What is the Choice theory?

Answer 23

Position that addictive behaviours reflect a rational choice

Question 24

What can substance abuse lead to?

Answer 24

Dependence on the brain’s reward system

Question 25

What are the major reward systems?

Answer 25

The dopaminergic system and the endogenous opioid system

Question 26

What does the inhibition dysregulation theory argue?

Answer 26

Addictions are the result of a failure of an inhibitory

system

Question 27

What is relapse prevention theory?

Answer 27

Cognitive-behavioural theory of substance use that argues individuals in high-risk
situations will use substances if:
– They do not have appropriate coping strategies – They have positive expectations relating to the effects of the substance
– They have a low degree of self-efficacy

Question 28

What is the male to female ratio of gamblers seeking treatment?

Answer 28

3:2

Question 29

What motivates females to gamble?

Answer 29

Females are motivated by dealing with negative

emotional states

Question 30

What motivates males to gamble?

Answer 30

Males are motivated by winning, excitement and

chasing losses

Question 31

What percentage of problem gamblers begin before 20 years?

Answer 31

90%

Question 32

Do cultural attitudes towards gambling and the availability of opportunities influence the chance of a gambling problem developing?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What is the integrated pathways model of Gambling?

Answer 33

Describes that gambling can start from behaviourally conditioned, emotionally
vulnerable, and biologically based problem gamblers