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Year 3 - Mental Health > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term neurosis mean?

A

Distress without delusions or hallucinations (synonymous with anxiety disorders)

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2
Q

What type of illness are anxiety disorders?

A

Functional

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3
Q

How does fear feed anxiety?

A

Fear leads to arousal and avoidance by initiating a cycle of thoughts affecting feelings which in turn affects behaviours and vice versa.

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4
Q

What happens when danger is perceived by the brain?

A

The autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system is activated

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5
Q

What response does the sympathetic nervous system have in response to perceived danger?

A

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline to prime the body for action

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6
Q

What is the primary function of anxiety?

A

To protect us from threats via fight/flight system

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7
Q

When is anxiety a problem?

A

When the perceived danger does not exist (i.e. a psychological threat).

The brain cannot separate the psychological threats from physical ones.

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8
Q

What effects does anxiety have?

A

Physiological arousal

Racing thoughts

Inability to concentrate

Cognitive bias (focused attention on certain things)

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9
Q

What is Padesky’s anxiety equation?

A

Anxiety = Estimate of danger/estimate of coping

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10
Q

What does Padesky’s equation hypothesise?

A

Severity of anxiety is related to how dangerous a situation seems in relation to how well the person believes they can cope with that situation

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11
Q

How do people with anxiety disorders try to reduce their anxiety?

A

By employing safety behaviours to increase their estimated coping

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12
Q

What are the anxiety disorders? (7 answers)

A

Panic disorder (with/without agoraphobia)

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

Specific phobias

Health anxiety (hypochondriasis)

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)/Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

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13
Q

What are specific phobias?

A

A marked fear of specific object or situation (e.g. dogs, spiders, snakes, balloons, etc.)

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14
Q

How do people with specific phobias normal act?

A

By markedly avoiding the object or situation causing their phobias

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15
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

A fear of ones own physiological and psychological reactions

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16
Q

What do people with panic disorder often view bodily/psychological changes as?

A

Signs of impending collapse, insanity or death

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17
Q

What does a patient with panic disorder have if they avoid the situations which may trigger physiological/psychological reactions?

A

Accompanying agoraphobia

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18
Q

Describe a cognitive model of panic disorder

A

Internal/external triggers lead to the perception of a threat

This the leads to anxiety

Anxiety leads to physical/cognitive symptoms (e.g. heart racing)

The patient will then misinterpret these symptoms as something sinister and panic

Patients may then employ safety behaviours or avoid these situations in the future (agoraphobia)

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19
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Essentially a worry problem

20
Q

What types of worries make up generalise anxiety disorder?

A

Type 1 worries

Types 2 worries

21
Q

What are type 1 worries?

A

Worries with specific content which can change/vary

22
Q

What are type 2 worries?

A

‘Worries about worries’

23
Q

What is gernalised anxiety disorder usually accompanied by?

A

Low level physical symptoms e.g. insomnia, muscle tension, GI problems, headache

24
Q

What often maintains generalised anxiety disorder?

A

The belief that worry is useful e.g. motivates, shows responsibility etc.

25
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

Essentially a social phobia

26
Q

What lies at the core of social anxiety disorder?

A

A fear of negative evaluation by others

27
Q

What can the fear of negative evaluation by others associated with social anxiety disorder lead to?

A

Avoidance of feared situations

(Counter-productive) use of safety behaviours

Anticipatory anxiety

Unhelpful ‘post-mortems’ following social encounters

28
Q

What two characteristics define obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

Obsessions

Compulsion

29
Q

What are obsessions in terms of OCD?

A

Unwanted, recurring and distressing intrusive thoughts or images

30
Q

What are some examples of obsessions experienced in OCD?

A

The thought of being contaminated

The thought of wanting to cause harm

The thought of behaving inappropriately

31
Q

How do the obsessions experience in OCD relate to the patient’s ego?

A

They are ego-dystonic

32
Q

What is meant by ego-dystonic?

A

They aren’t what the patient wants to be/do?

i.e. a patient thinking of hurting someone will not actually want to hurt someone

33
Q

What is meant by compulsions in relation to OCD?

A

Neutralising behaviours conducted by a patient to manage the distress (primarily anxiety) caused by the intrusive obsessions

34
Q

What are some examples of overt neutralising behaviours seen in OCD?

A

Washing

Checking

Ordering/aligning

35
Q

What are some examples of covert neutralising behaviours seen in patients with OCD?

A

Praying

Counting

Repeating words

36
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder characterised by?

A

An imagined defect in appearance

37
Q

What does body dysmorphic disorder often lead to?

A

Time consuming behaviours aiming to correct imagined defect

38
Q

What is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

An anxiety disorder caused by exposure to an event or situation of exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature which would be likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone

39
Q

Where did the definition of PTSD first appear?

A

DSM-III (1980)

40
Q

Where did PTSD as a recognised condition originate?

A

The US anti-war movement

41
Q

What are the 3 main features of PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing

Avoidance

Hyperarousal

42
Q

What are common co-morbidities seen in PTSD?

A

Other anxiety disorders

Depression

Substance misuse

43
Q

What problems can be associated with anxiety disorders (9 answers)?

A

Increased autonomic arousal

Avoidance

Time consuming anxiety reducing behaviours

Worry

Procrastination/inability to make decisions

Reduced concentration

Impact on functioning - work, social, health, etc.

Impaired sleep pattern

Alcohol and drug dependence

44
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for anxiety?

A

Adjustment disorders or bereavement

Other functional psychiatric illnesses

Organic disorders

45
Q

What are some organic disorders that could be a differential diagnosis for anxiety?

A

Endocrine diseases

Dementia

MS

Drug induced anxiety

Alcohol/drug abuse

Infection

Year 3 - Mental Health (12 decks)

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