AOS1 chapter 2

Question 1

mental welbeing

Answer 1

Mental wellbeing is a state where individuals:

Recognize their own abilities

Cope with normal life stresses

Work productively

Contribute to their community

It reflects both emotional and social health.

Question 2

The biopsychosocial model

Answer 2

The model characterises the factors that interact / influence development and mental wellbeing as biological, psychological and social.

Question 3

biology factors

Answer 3

Functioning of body and its systems
Influenced by genetics, physiological activity, and nervous system

Question 4

psychology factors

Answer 4

Patterns of cognitive and emotional functioning
Thought processes, memory formation, and emotions
E.g. tendency to keep thinking about negative experiences will compromise your ability to move on

Question 5

social context

Answer 5

Individuals’ interactions with external environment
Behaviours that we see, expectations that society has on us, and its impacts on thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
E.g. continuous negative social interactions can put individuals into a state of distress

Question 6

psychological development

Answer 6

Three areas of psychological development that influence thoughts, feelings, behaviours and personality:
Emotional
Cognitive
Social

Question 7

emotional development

Answer 7

Emotional development involves changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses the full range of emotions and their ability to cope with them appropriately

Question 8

who are the attachment theroists

Answer 8

jhon bowlby, mary ainsworth and harry harlow

Question 9

jhon bowlby attachment theroist

Answer 9

Believed that children who suffered loss and failure in early relationships were more likely to experience negative psychological consequences
Determined four age-related phases in development of attachment

Question 10

mary ainsworth attachment theroist

Answer 10

Carried on from Bowlby’s research
Introduced ‘separation’ and ‘stranger’ anxiety to attachment
Strange situation test – and experiment for infants

Question 11

harry harlow attachment theroist

Answer 11

Studied role of feeding in infant-mother attachment
Most well-known experiment – looked at monkeys and which doll they preferred. A blanketed one, or one that provided food
Focussed on the effect of social isolation

Question 12

Cognitive Development

Answer 12

Cognitive development is the progression of mental abilities such as thinking, learning, perception, reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and language use.

Question 13

cognition meaninng

Answer 13

ability to think, understand, and organise information from our internal and external environments

Question 14

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 14

Believed that all children pass through distinct stages of cognitive development

Through each stage, thinking process change and becomes more sophisticated

At each stage, they achieve a set of accomplishments

Question 15

schema meaning

Answer 15

mental representations that you develop through experiences (perceptions, ideas, or actions)
we develop schema to understand the world we live in

Question 16

How our schemas adapt to new information takes place through two different processes:

Answer 16

Assimilation and
Accommodation

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

Applying existing schema to a new experience
E.g. Seb’s favourite toy is a hammer, but he gets a spanner.
He will use the spanner for hitting (like a hammer)
He has assimilated its use into his existing understanding

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

Modifying existing schema to fit in new information
More advanced cognitive process than assimilation
E.g. Seb uses the spanner for other things

Question 19

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 19

Birth to 2 years old
Object permanence
Explore world through senses and motor actions

E.g. peekaboo!

Question 20

Preoperational Stage

Answer 20

2 to 7 years old
Centration
Egocentrism
Symbolic thinking (Children can use symbols to represent objects, ideas, and actions.)
Animism

Question 21

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 21

7 to 11 years old
Develop ability to think logically about concrete objects and events
Begin to understand things like mass, volume, and number
Understand that properties of objects remain the same even if the appearance changes
Can also mentally reverse actions (what did I do before this etc)

Question 22

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 22

11 years old +
Can think in abstract
Engage in hypothetical and deductive reasoning
Solve complex problems

This stage marks the attainment of adult cognitive abilities

Question 23

Social Development

Answer 23

Social development involves changes in a person’s ability to interact with other people and function as a member of society, such as the ability to form and maintain close relationships and acquire related skills such as sharing, language and interpersonal skills.

Question 24

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 24

Erikson proposed that social development is divided into eight stages over the lifespan and that the major goal of each stage is to satisfy the individual’s social needs at this age.

He theorised that each stage is distinguished by two opposing emotional forces which result in a psychosocial dilemma needing to be resolved.

Question 25

Psychosocial dilemma

Answer 25

a conflict between personal impulses and the social world

Question 26

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development stages

Answer 26

1.Birth – 18 months Trust vs Mistrust 2.18 months – 3 years Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 3.3 – 5 years Initiative vs Guilt 4.6 – 12 years Industry vs Inferiority 5.Adolescence Identity vs Role Confusion 6.Young adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation 7.Middle adulthood Generativity vs Stagnation 8.Late adulthood Integrity vs Despair

Question 27

Maturation:

Answer 27

the orderly and sequential physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system

Question 28

Maturation and Brain plasticity

Answer 28

Infants and children have more malleable brains, meaning that the brain’s structural pathways can change physically and with ease (this is known as brain plasticity) in response to experiences during maturation. Experiences throughout our life can help shape or add to the brain’s map, therefore altering the individual’s unique maturation sequence and plasticity.

Question 29

Sensitive Periods

Answer 29

-flexible and broad period of time -most able to acquire skill or characteristic -maximal plasticity -after period it will take more time to develop skill

Question 30

Critical Periods

Answer 30

-fixed and narrow period of time -early in life span -occurs when your most open to acquiring specific congitive or motor skill -If a skill is not acquired during this time, it might never develop (Eg first language acquisition)

Question 31

Language Acquisition

Answer 31

The developmental processes where children learn to understand and use their native language/s First language acquisition (critical period): needs to occur in the first 3-5 years of life. Second Language acquisition (sensitive period): A second language is much faster and easier to acquire up until the age of 12 due to the processes of maturation and brain plasticity.

Question 32

Nature

Answer 32

Hereditary factors Genetically passed down from biological parents to offspring

Question 33

Nurture

Answer 33

Environmental factors Individual’s physical and social surroundings

Question 34

Influence of Hereditary Factors

Answer 34

Some of our genetic characteristics are almost completelydetermined by nature E.g. eye colour, skin pigment, blood type, hair colour and susceptibility to certain diseases and disorders

Question 35

Influence of Environmental Factors

Answer 35

Environment can have a powerful impact on an individual's physical, cognitive, an emotional development E.g. growing up in an ‘enriched’ or ‘deprived’ environment Enriched: basic needs and more are met – nutrition, education, and love Deprived: basic needs are not met – not exposed to the stimulation necessary for normal growth/ development

Question 36

Impact of Nature vs Nurture – Twin Studies

Answer 36

Involve exploring developmental similarities and differences between identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins Identical – share 100% of DNA Fraternal – share 50% of DNA

Question 37

cultural responsiveness

Answer 37

Cultural responsiveness requires that health care services be respectful of, and relevant to, the health beliefs, health practices, culture and linguistic needs of diverse populations and communities.

Question 38

Criticisms of Jean Piaget's Theory

Answer 38

-underestimated childrens ability -used his own children -more research suggests that growth is not as relted to age and stage