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PE > AOS1: Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

AOS1: Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides body in left and right
medial= middle
lateral= further from midline

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2
Q

Frontal plane

A

divides body into front and back
anterior= front
posterior= back

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3
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides body from top to bottom
superior= higher
inferior= lower

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4
Q

Limb position

A

proximal= closer to joint (to torso)
distal= further from joint

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5
Q

Classification of bone

A

long bone= humerus, femur
short bone= carpals, tarsals
flat bone= parietal skull
irregular bone= vertebra

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6
Q

5 main functions of the skeletal system

A

support= of the body
protection= of internal organs
producing= blood cell formation
storage= minerals and fats
movement= attached skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Vertebral column

A

cervical
thoriac
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

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8
Q

what is a joint

A

made from meeting of two bones and connected by ligaments

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9
Q

types of joints (3)

A

fixed/fibrous - strength, no movement
cartilaginous - growth and protection, slight mvmt
synovial - movement, 6 types,

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10
Q

synovial joints (6)

A

hinge: 1 axis eg elbows
pivot: rotation
gliding: side, back to side and forward mvmts eg carpals
ball&socket: move in all directions eg hip shoulder
saddle: sideways and back forward movement eg thumb
condyloid: similar to hinge, slight rotation eg wrist

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11
Q

flexion and extension

A

movement in saggital plane
flexion- decrease angle of joit
extension- increasing angle of joint

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12
Q

adduction and abduction

A

movement towards and away from midline
adduction- movement towards midline
abduction- away from midline

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13
Q

rotation

A

internal rotation- rotation towards midline
external rotation- away from midline

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14
Q

supination and pronation

A

supination - palms up
pronation- palms down

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15
Q

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

A

plantar flexion- point toes
dorsi- pulling up toes

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16
Q

circumduction

A

cone like movement of limb

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17
Q

types of muscle

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle

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18
Q

smooth muscle

A

found in blood vessels and intestine
involuntary

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19
Q

cardiac muscle

A

make up wall of heart
involuntary

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20
Q

skeletal muscle

A

create movement
associate with sport and exercise

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21
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

when muscles on one side of a bone or joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side of the bone or joint

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22
Q

isoinertial contraction

A

requires muscle fibre length or the joint angle to change throughout the activity
eg raising and lowering a dumbbell on bicep curl

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23
Q

types of isoinertial contractions

A

concentric - shortening muscle (up phase of bicep curl)
eccentric - lengthening (down phase of bicep curl)

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24
Q

isometric

Study These Flashcards
A

no movement occurs - no change in fibre length

25
slow twitch
type 1 endurance sport types uses o2 to create energy and remove waste
26
fast twitch 2a
partially aerobic best suited for short duration, high intensity anaerobic work
27
fast twitch 2b
doesnt req o2 (anaerobic) produce high levels of force fatigues quickly best suited for short, explosive movement eg sprinting
28
different types if muscle fibre arrangement
circular, convergent, parallel (fusiform), pennate
29
what is a motor unit?
the combination of the motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates a MU can stimulate one or many muscle fibres larger the muscle fibre = greater strength of contraction
30
all or nothing principle
muscle fibres either fully contract or not at all electrical impulses have to reach threshold to cause contraction brain continuously sends signals to MU until enough excitement for acetycholine to cross synaptic cleft causing threshold to be reached
31
maintaining contractions
after thresh is reached, muscle fibres contract and crossbridges move the zlines close together maintain contractions - brain has to keep sending signals to motor unit to reach threshold again so muscle fibres contract for a second time. process repeats until MU is no longer reached
32
preferential recruitment
small MU are recruited before large MU this is because larger MU need to have greater stimulation to reach threshold slow twitch before fast twitch as more force is req, the more explosive and stronger muscle fibres are recruited
33
myofibril
made up of sarcomeres
34
sarcomere
where muscles change length through muscular contractions separated into segments by z lines encases the actin (thin) and myosin (thick) microfilaments who slide tgt to create mvmt
35
sliding filament theory
the mechanism by which the muscles are thought to contract at cellular level occurs inside sarcomere z lines pulled tgt by actin and myosin microfilaments
36
Basic sliding filament theory steps
1. Signals/ Nerve impulses from the brain tell the muscle to contract 2. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (inside myofibril) 3. Calcium lifts up troponin (body guard for actin) 4. Myosin cross bridges then attach to the actin 5. ATP is broken down creating energy and the cross bridges shorten/ contract (move) 6. Actin is pulled towards the middle (closing z-lines) 7. The myosin detaches, calcium is released, new ATP attaches to the cross- bridges which break connection and the muscle relaxes until the next contraction
37
flexibility
38
components of a training session
warm up, conditioning, cool down
39
warm up physiological benefits
increase joint temp, muscle temp increases oxygen to muscles
40
light aerobic activity benefits
increase hr increase stroke volume increase body temp/ joint temp
41
Types of stretching
- static- taking muscle to furthest point and holding for at least 10 seconds -dynamic- moving joint through a range of motion with controlled momentum PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation)- the use of nerves response to loaded stretching to increase flexibility
42
benefits of resistance training
improved muscle strength improved muscular power improved muscular endurance increased tendon strength etc
43
cool down
helps the body recover from exercise benifits prevents blood pooling in the veins helps break down and remove waste products e.g lactic acid reduce likelihood of muscle softness
44
preventing musculoskeletal injuries
physical prep/ conditioning protective equipment taping and bracing
45
acute injuries
direct- caused by external force indirect- sudden change in direction - force is greater than the loud the muscle or ligaments can sustain
46
strain vs sprain
A sprain is an injury to the ligaments and capsule at a joint in the body. A strain is an injury to muscles or tendons.
47
treat acute injuries
R est I ce C ompression E levation R efferal
48
Osteoperosis def and risk factors
- bones with holes - bones loose density= loose strength= more likely to break - each time a bone breaks its more likely to break - older= decrease bone density - menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis
49
chronic injuries
- tenonitis - bursitis -artheritis
50
prevention osteoperosis
increase level of bone mineral density before the age of 30 ensure adequate intake of calc engage in weight barring activities (osteogenic) skipping, jumping - helps make the bone stronger by making it stronger ensure sufficient vitamin d absorption (calc uptake) avoid smoking
51
Atheritis
disorder that involves inflammation in one or more joints - pain - stiffness - weakness in the joint
52
WADA rules
- creates an unfair advantage - increase risk to athletes health - against spirit of the sport
53
ethical considerations for performance enhancers
is it effective is it safe is it legal is it necessary
54
anabolic steroids benefits
- helps develop bones, muscles and secondary sex characteristics (mimics testosterone) - increase protein synthesis - improve muscle dev (bulk power strength) - improves muscle recovery
55
anabolic steroids side effects
- jaundice - heart problems (hypertension) - diabetes -facial hair - acne -aggressive
56
hgh benefits
- encourages the body to grow through natural processes -builds muscle tissue - stronger bones -more energy - reduce fatigue- train harder
57
hgh effects
- diabetes -heart disease - thyroid disorder
58
creatine supplement
- increase power, strength and anaerobic performance (side effect weight gain)
59
protein supplement
- build muscle tissue quicker and more efficient - muscle dev and repair people may take this supplement -lifestyle choice veg - build muscle- new to gym with goal of improving muscle - growing teens to fuel growing body - injury recovery

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