AP Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
URINARY SYSTEM (2-35)
A
2
Q
Which of the following waste products is not eliminated by secretion in the kidneys?
A
sodium
3
Q
which of the following occurs if antidiuretic hormone is absent?
A
polyuria
4
Q
where is ADH made
A
hypothalamus
5
Q
what is the normal pH of blood?
A
7.4
6
Q
urine is produced how often?
A
on a continuous basis
7
Q
the glomeruli are found primarily in what portion of the kidney?
A
renal cortex
8
Q
CO2 is considered
A
acid
9
Q
what hormone is produced in the kidneys
A
ADH
10
Q
the ureters enter the urinary bladder at what structure?
A
trigone
11
Q
where does secretion primarily occur?
A
distal convoluted tubule
12
Q
bicarbonate acts as a
A
acid
13
Q
the ureters are composed of how many layers?
A
3
14
Q
which of the following hromones is produced in the kidneys
A
arythropoietin
15
Q
which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation?
A
both ADH and aldosterone
16
Q
what percentage of blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys?
A
25%
17
Q
which of the following converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
A
renin
18
Q
angiotensin II plays an important role for what?
A
bp regulation
19
Q
the loop of henle in the nephron is found primarily in what portion of the kidney?
A
medulla
20
Q
which of the following converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin II
A
ACE
21
Q
the ____ arteriole carries blood away from the renal artery, towards the glomerulus
A
afferent
22
Q
when passing urine is painful and uncomfortable, it is known as what?
A
dysuria
23
Q
what species has multi-lobular kidneys?
A
cattle
24
Q
the urinary bladder is not responsible for what
A
urine filtration
25
the point at which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys is known as
hilus
26
the area of the kidney were urine collection occurs before entering the ureter is known as the
renal pelvis
27
the urethra of ____ has both urinary and reproductive functions
males
28
which kidney is located more cranially?
right
29
which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
30
the filtration unit of the kidney is called the
glomeruli
31
which of the following is considered the main mechanism in which the kidneys perform waste elimination?
all of the following
32
which of the following is considered a post renal injury?
urethral obstruction
33
what is the correct path for urine elimination?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
34
the highly convoluted ______ extends fromt he glomerular capsule to the connection with the collection duct
renal tubule
35
antidiuretic hormone is also known as
vaspressint
36
NERVOUS SYSTEM (37-81)
37
which one of the following cranial nerves is known as the vagus nerve? when this nerve is stimulated, bradycardia and/or syncope may occur
CN X
38
the centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the
cerebrum
39
many excitatory neurotransmitters usually cause _____ influx so that the postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold and depolarization can begin a new nerve impulse
sodium ion
40
in the spinal cord the small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are called
nodes of Ranvier
41
which statement is false?
the somatic nervous system coordinates movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
42
which one of the following neurotransmitters in inhibitory only?
gamma-aminobutyric acid
43
what keeps many drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
44
fluid that circulated between layers of the meninges and through cavities of the brain and spinal cord is
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
45
which clinical sign is characterized of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation/
reduced heart rate
46
many neurotransmitters are broken down by
enzymes
47
when a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached
threshold
48
what ist he result of a normal palpebral reflex
a light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid
49
afferent nerve fibers carry sensations
toward the CNS
50
the period during which a neuron that has generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the
refractory period
51
what type of reflex causes the extensor muscles on one limb to contract when the flexor muscles on the opposite limb contract?
crossed extensor reflex
52
what structure is not found in the brainstem?
hypothalamus
53
the three catecholamine neurotransmitters are
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopaine
54
how does myelin affect the conduction of nerve impulses
speeds them up
55
what part of the brain has overall control of the endocrine system and acts as the body's "thermostat"?
hypothalamus
56
an example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is
turning the head
57
the medulla oblongata is part of the
brainstem
58
the connective tissue layer that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the
pia mater
59
white matter is made up of
myelinated axons
60
the hole running through the center of the spinal cord is the
central canal
61
the efferent processes of a nerve cell are the
axons
62
gaps in the myelin sheath are referred to as
nodes of ranvier
63
a(n) _____ excites by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake. A(n) ____ inhibits a neurotransmitter release or blocks its effects
agonist; antagonist
64
the part of the CNS that contains the corpus callosum is the
cerebrum
65
the part of the CNS that controls coordinated movement, balance, and posture is the
cerebellum
66
which of the following statements is true?
nervous system may be divided anatomically, by directions of impulses, or by function
67
the space between a neuron and a target cell is called the
synapse
68
nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through
dendrites
69
the spinal cord exits the skull through what structure?
foramen magnum
70
afferent neurons are part of what system?
sensory
71
the fight-or-flight response to an emergency situation is a specific function of the
sympathetic nervous system
72
the "all-or-nothing" principle means
an entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
73
the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is
acetylcholine
74
in a healthy animal, if you shine a light in one eye what should happen?
the pupils of both eyes should constrict
75
the neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the "fight or flight" reaction is
epinephrine
76
a somatic reflex involves
skeletal muscle contraction
77
which of these is not a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased HR
78
when the patellar ligament is tapped, what type of reflex causes the quadricep muscle to contract, producing a small kick?
stretch reflex
79
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
80
the cranial nerves originate from the
brainstem
81
the basic, functional units of the nervous system are
neurons
82
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (83-127)
83
if the CO2 lvl in blood rises above a preset limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate?
increase rate and depth of respiration
84
lung expansion during inhalation is an active movement
false
85
which area of the brain helps us control our breathing
medulla oblongata
86
which structure is composed of several c-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage>
trachea
87
which of the following is not a function of the nasal turbinates?
cool air
88
low blood lvls of O2 can bring on
sighs
89
in a relaxed state the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with the
convex surface facing in a cranial direction
90
how are the lungs of a cat divided?
3 left, 4 right
91
which of the following structures suspends the larynx from the skull?
hyoid apparatus
92
all the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane known as the
pleura
93
the work of the respiratory system can be divided into the following four parts. The movement of gases across the alveolar membrane (breathing) is called
ventilation
94
the blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart is the
pulmonary artery
95
apnea will cause
respiratory acidosis
96
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.4
97
the thorax is normally under
negative pressure
98
which of the following is a short, irregular tube of cartilage and muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea
larynx
99
both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles are composed of skeletal muscle
true
100
which of the following are considered to be a major strucutre/s within the thoracic cavity
all options
101
the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles are the 2 main expiratory muscles
true
102
if an animal breathes in 500ml with each resting breath and takes 15 breaths per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 minutes
7.5
103
which of the following is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tract?
pharynx
104
the nasal septum separates
the left nasal passage from the right nasal passage
105
bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by
the autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muscle
106
pulmo/ and plumon/o means
lungs
107
carbon dioxide is an ____ and elevated levels would cause the pH to ____
acid; lower
108
decreased oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
109
decreased respiration
bradypnea
110
breathing easy/well
eupnea
111
increased CO2 in the blood
hypercapnia
112
difficult breathing
dyspnea
113
decreased CO2 in the blood
hypocapnia
114
increased respiration
tachypnea
115
absence of breathing
apnea
116
decreased O2 in the tissues
hypoxia
117
the thorax is divided into left and right sides by the
mediastinum
118
the trachea splits into 2 bronchi at the
bifurcation
119
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
alveolus
120
on inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared to ambient air pressure, is
negative
121
which of the following structures in not part of the lower respiratory tract?
pharynx
122
which of the following is the correct term for the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
residual volume
123
the opening to the larynx is called the
glottis
124
blood entering the lungs from the heart is dark red because of
high carbon dioxide content
125
which of the following terms described how gas exchange works?
diffusion
126
in the healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is
increased CO2
127
which of the following is the main muscle for inspiration
diaphragm
128
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (129-169)
129
this structure acts as a radiator to cool blood or warm blood as it moves into and out of the testicle
pampiniform plexus
130
the ovaries are the female gonads
true
131
what is another term for sex hormones?
androgens
132
________ is the primary male androgen
testosterone
133
what hormone/hormones may be produced by the ovary?
both estrogen and progesterone
134
the prostate gland completely surrounds which structure?
urethra
135
what part of the male repro system links the testes to the rest of the body?
spermatic cord
136
during meiosis cells make duplicate copies of themselves before daughter cells separate and pull apart
false
137
which of the following species has a sigmoid flexure?
bovine
138
gametes are repro cells
true
139
which of the following is an example of monoestrous animal?
mink
140
which of the following is not a layer of the uterus?
epimetrium
141
cats have short spines covering which area of the penis?
glans
142
who has a more complex repro tract?
females
143
the mesosalpinx ligament supports which organ?
oviduct
144
the bulbourethral gland is also known as
cowpers gland
145
ovulation is considered to be a traumatic event
true
146
ova and spermatozoa have diploid numbers of chromosomes
false
147
the male chromosome is designated which of the following letters?
Y
148
when a mature follicle ruptures the remaining site is called
corpus hemorrhagicum
149
what is another name for the oviducts?
fallopian tubes
150
the production or development of ova is termed
oogenesis
151
spermatozoa are produced in the epididymis
false
152
which of the following species does not have an os penis?
cats
153
which of the following species does not have bulbourethral glands?
dog
154
what hormone contracts the female repro tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts
oxytocin
155
in most species fertilization occurs in the
oviducts
156
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
157
the tough fibrous layers of tissue that cover the testicles are called
proper and common tunics
158
an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal is a
cat
159
ovulation occurs due to a spike in the level of FSH
false
160
in what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop?
metestrus
161
cats are an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal
true
162
the female ovary has unlimited numbers of ova available for recruitment
false
163
accessory sex glands are responsible for providing
all of the options
164
ova enter the uterus after it is carried from the infundibulum through the cervix
false
165
the dog only has one accessory sex gland named
prostate
166
cell division that produces basic repro cells such as ova and spermatozoa is called mitosis
false
167
thermoregulation of the testicles is achieved by what mechanism?
cremaster muscle
168
which of the following broad ligaments supports the uterus?
mesometrium
169
dogs are considered to be diestrus?
true
