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Portage AP2 flashcards > AP 2 Module 2: Problem Set > Flashcards

AP 2 Module 2: Problem Set Flashcards

1
Q

List the four parts of the human brain.

The Brain

A

The human brain is made up of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.

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2
Q

Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles.

The Brain

A

There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there.

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3
Q

Label the ventricles.

The Brain

A

See figure in module.

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4
Q

Describe the brain meninges and the layers.

The Brain

A

The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The inner pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain.

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5
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

The Brain

A

The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid.

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6
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier and how is it maintained?

The Brain

A

The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes. Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations which could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons.

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7
Q

Describe the cerebrum.

The Brain

A

The cerebrum, the foremost part of the brain, is the largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass

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8
Q

What is the median longitudinal fissure?

The Brain

A

It separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres from one another.

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9
Q

Raised ridges on the cerebrum are called____.

The Brain

A

Gyri

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10
Q

The ____ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

The Brain

A

The transverse fissure

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11
Q

The outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is called the ____and is highly convoluted and gray in color.

The Brain

A
  1. cerebral cortex
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12
Q

Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum.

The Brain

A
  1. The frontal lobe controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making. The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions. The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain. The occipital lobe interprets visual input. The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
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13
Q

What is the difference between a primary area and an association area in the brain?

The Brain

A
  1. Primary areas in each lobe receive information for one type of sensory information. Association areas act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action.
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14
Q

Label the regions of the cerebral cortex.

The Brain

A
  1. See figure in module.
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15
Q

List the three major parts of the brain stem.

The Brain

A
  1. The brain stem is made up of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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16
Q

How is the medulla oblongata involved with the heart and lungs?

The Brain

A
  1. The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat and breathing
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17
Q

How is the pons involved with the eyes and ears?

The Brain

A
  1. The pons regulates head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
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18
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi are located on the posterior portion of the _____.

The Brain

A
  1. Midbrain
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19
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved with the entire internal environment of the body and the endocrine system in particular?

The Brain

A
  1. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis, the constancy of the internal environment and controls the pituitary gland and serving as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems
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20
Q

All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus?

The Brain

A
  1. ll sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) are channeled through the thalamus.
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21
Q

What is the function of the pineal body?

The Brain

A
  1. The pineal body secretes melatonin to control the wake-sleep cycle
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22
Q

Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum.

The Brain

A
  1. The cerebellum, below and at the back of the brain, is convoluted and divided into two hemispheres with deep fissures subdividing it into three lobes.
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23
Q

The major function of the cerebellum is to control what type of body function?

The Brain

A
  1. The cerebellum acts to coordinate body movements. The cerebellum is also involved with planning movements, maintaining balance, controlling certain eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone and maintaining posture.
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24
Q

What portion of the cerebellum coordinates limb movements?

The Brain

A
  1. Intermediate lobe, vermis
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25
Q

What is the purpose of the amygdala?

The Brain

A
  1. The amygdala is a small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger.
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25
Q

What areas of the brain does the limbic system connect?

The Brain

A
  1. The limbic system connects the frontal lobes, the temporal lobes, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.
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26
Q

Why is the limbic system called our “feeling brain”?

The Brain

A
  1. The limbic system is our feeling brain since stimulation of different areas of the limbic system causes rage, pain, pleasure, or sorrow.
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27
Q

Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid.

The Brain

A
  1. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. The fact that the limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory.
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28
Q

True or False: Memories are stored in one specific location in the brain.

The Brain

A
  1. False
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29
Q

The putamen, the caudate nucleus, the Globus pallidus (medial and lateral) are all parts of the ______.

The Brain

A
  1. The basal ganglia
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30
Q

Describe the spinal cord and its extension.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The spinal cord extends from the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1is a collection of nerve roots called the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx.
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31
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord? How is this accomplished?

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The spinal cord (and its extension) is how all impulses travel between the brain and the rest of the body by way of the set of 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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32
Q

List the 3 protections for the spinal cord.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. Like the brain, the spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
33
Q

Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated tissues and fluids.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
33
Q

Why is a spinal tap performed in the subarachnoid space inferior to L1?

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. Because the cord ends at L1, the cerebrospinal filled subarachnoid space inferior to this point is the location chosen to perform a spinal tap removal of fluid for diagnostic testing.
34
Q

Identify the parts of the spinal cord shown in the diagram below:
#1, 5, 9, 13:

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. 1 = Anterior horn, 5= Lateral column, 9 = Posterior median sulcus, 13= DRG
34
Q

Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The gray matter of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells.
35
Q

Describe the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The white matter of the cord is composed of myelinated and un-myelinated nerve fibers.
35
Q

Describe the function of the white matter of the spinal cord.

The Spinal Cord

A
  1. The white matter fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or within) the cord carrying motor outputs.
35
Q

What does visceral motor mean? What division of the nervous system contains visceral motor nerves?

Cranial Nerves

A

The nerves in the autonomic system are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions.

36
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have and what do most of them (except for one) control?

Cranial Nerves

A

Humans have twelve pairs of cranial nerves most of which control the head, neck, and face

37
Q

For each of the following cranial nerves, list its name, type and what it controls.

Cranial Nerves

A

1st - Olfactory - Sensory - Sense of smell

2nd - Optic - Sensory - Sense of sight

3rd - Oculomotor - Motor (Somatic and visceral) Eye movement, Visceral motor= pupil dilation

4th - Trochlear – somatic motor- Eye movement

5th - Trigeminal - Motor and sensory - Chewing and sensation of face, nose, and mouth

6th - Abducens - Motor - Eye movement

7th - Facial – Somatic and Visceral Motor and sensory - Facial expressions and sensation of tongue. Lacrimal, nasal mucous glands.

8th - Vestibulocochlear -Sensory - Hearing and balance

9th - Glossopharyngeal -Motor and sensory - Swallowing and taste. Visceral motor = parotid salivary glands

10th - Vagus -Motor and sensory - Digestion, regulation of heart rate, sensation of digestive tract

11th – Accessory- Motor - Rotation of the head and movement of upper shoulders

12th - Hypoglossal - Motor - Tongue movements

38
Q

Identify each cranial nerve by its location on the brainstem. For example, what is the cranial nerve indicated by the arrow, below?

Cranial Nerves

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

39
Q

Identify each cranial nerve by its location in the body. For example, what is the cranial nerve highlighted in blue, below?

Cranial Nerves

A

Accessory (CN XI)

40
Q

List the 5 types of human spinal nerves.

Spinal Nerves

A

Humans have 1-eight pairs of cervical (cranial) nerves, 2- twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, 3-five pairs of lumbar nerves, 4- five pairs of sacral nerves, and 5-one pair of coccygeal nerves

41
Q

Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves within the vertebral column.

Spinal Nerves

A

Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short roots, the dorsal root which contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct impulses to the cord and the ventral root which contains the axons of efferent motor neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column.

42
Q

Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves after leaving the vertebral column.

Spinal Nerves

A

Almost immediately after emerging from the vertebral column, a spinal nerve divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. The smaller dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk including the skin and muscles of the back. The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs.

43
Q

Describe a nerve plexus and list the four major body nerve plexuses.

Spinal Nerves

A

A nerve plexus is a network of interconnecting spinal nerves carried together to some target location. Major plexuses include the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.

44
Q

What is a dermatome?

Spinal Nerves

A

A dermatome is a region of skin that carries sensory information through a specific pair of spinal nerves to the spinal cord and up to the brain.

45
Q

What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus and what structure does it supply?

Spinal Nerves

A

The phrenic nerve is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus and supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm.

46
Q

List the five final nerves that come from the Brachial plexus.

Spinal Nerves

A

Axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the median nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve and the he ulnar nerve.

47
Q

What 3 muscles are served by the axillary nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The axillary nerve supplies the deltoid muscle, the teres minor muscles and the triceps brachii muscle.

48
Q

What muscles are served by the radial nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The radial nerve supplies the triceps brachii muscle as well as 12 muscles in the forearm.

49
Q

What muscle is served by the median nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The median nerve supplies flexor muscles of the forearm and the skin of the first 3 ½ fingers.

50
Q

What muscles are served by the musculocutaneous nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the flexor muscles of the arm: biceps brachii and brachialis.

51
Q

What muscles are served by the ulnar nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The ulnar nerve supplies part of the flexor muscles of the forearm, wrist, and hand as well as the skin of half the ring finger and pinky finger.

52
Q

What is the major nerve of the Lumbar plexus?

Spinal Nerves

A

The femoral nerve is the major nerve of the Lumbar plexus.

53
Q

What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus and what is unique about this nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The sciatic nerve is the major nerve that comes from the sacral plexus and is the largest nerve in the human body.

54
Q

What muscles are served by the femoral nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The femoral nerve supplies the hip flexors and knee extensors.

55
Q

What areas are served by the sciatic nerve?

Spinal Nerves

A

The sciatic nerve supplies the inferior trunk and posterior surface of the thigh.

56
Q

True or False: The common tibial nerve travels on the anterior surface of the tibia.

Spinal Nerves

A

False

57
Q

Be able to label and recognize all nerves in bold. For example, what nerve is highlighted in blue, below:

Spinal Nerves

A

Phrenic nerve

58
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and how do they function relative to each other?

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The two divisions of the autonomic system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These two divisions cause essentially opposite effects on the same visceral organ; if one stimulates, the other inhibits.

59
Q

Explain in detail how the sympathetic nervous system functions during an emergency.

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

During an emergency, the sympathetic system accelerates the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate supplying needed oxygen and causes the liver to deliver more glucose and inhibits the digestive tract.

60
Q

What is a preganglionic axon?

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

A motor neuron cell body located in the spinal cord or brain. The axon synapses with a second motor neuron located in an autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord.

61
Q

What type of internal responses are promoted by the parasympathetic nervous system?

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The parasympathetic system promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state.

61
Q

Describe the effects caused by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on heart blood vessels, the lungs and the digestive tract.

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart blood vessels, constricts bronchioles of the lungs and increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters of the digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system dilates heart blood vessels, dilates bronchioles of the lungs and decreases the activity of and constricts the sphincters of the digestive tract.

62
Q

Why is the sympathetic system also called the thoracolumbar division?

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The sympathetic system is also called the thoracolumbar division because this division contains preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, in the lateral gray horns.

63
Q

Name four types of ganglia found in the sympathetic division and what they control.

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia or lateral ganglia: located on both sides of the spinal cord, these contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs.

Celiac ganglion: largest of the ganglia, these ganglia innervate the digestive tract.

Superiomesenteric ganglion: innervates the small intestine and parts of the large intestine

Inferior mesenteric ganglion: innervates the large intestine, kidneys, bladder and sex organs.

64
Q

Name five types of ganglia found in the parasympathetic division and what they control.

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Ciliary ganglion: associated with cranial nerve III, this targets the intrinsic eye muscles which change the pupil and lens.

Pterygopalatine ganglion & Submandibular ganglion: associated with CN VII, the target organs are for tear production, nasal glands and salivary glands

Otic ganglion: associated with CN IX, the target glands are the parotid glands

Intramural ganglia: associated with CN X, the target glands are the visceral organs within the thoracic cavity.

65
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic system?

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

List and describe brain damage that would occur from a slight head injury.

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

A slight injury of this type is called a concussion since the symptoms are mild and transient including dizziness or brief loss of consciousness.

67
Q

What is intracranial pressure?

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Intracranial pressure is the amount of pressure available inside the skull.

68
Q

What is the difference between apraxia and ataxia?

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Apraxia, or impaired motor planning resulting in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan. Ataxia is impaired motor coordination, resulting from an injury to the cerebellum.

69
Q

What are the two types of strokes?

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Ischemic and hemorrhagic

70
Q

True or False: Alzheimer’s patients have fully functioning brain tissue. For example, CT scans demonstrate no difference between an Alzheimer’s brain and a healthy brain.

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

False

71
Q

What is quadriplegia?

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

72
Q

Compression of the ____ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign.

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Ulnar

72
Q

Compression of the ____ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Median nerve

73
Q

Sciatica results from compression of what nerve?

Nervous System Injury and Disease

A

Sciatic

Portage AP2 flashcards (24 decks)

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