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portage ap2 flashcards > AP 2 Module 5: Problem Set > Flashcards

AP 2 Module 5: Problem Set Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphatic system is closely connected with what other body system?

A

Cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream

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3
Q

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream. (2) Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream. (3) The lymphatic system helps with immunity to defend the body against disease.

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4
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid entering the lymphatic capillaries from the interstitial fluid not returned by the cardiovascular system.

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5
Q

Describe the flow of lymph.

A

The lymph flows one way, from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins, where it joins the venous circulation to return to the heart.

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6
Q

True or false: Lymph vessels are only found in the lower extremities.

A

False

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7
Q

Describe the structure of lymph vessels.

A

Lymph vessels have one-way flow valves similar in structure to the large veins of the cardiovascular system. The valves prevent the backward flow of lymph. The return of the lymph fluid into circulation is solely dependent on the squeezing action of skeletal muscles, squeezing the fluid one way through the lymphatic vessels.

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8
Q

Label the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.

A

See figure in module

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9
Q

True or false: The thoracic duct drains fluid from the right arm.

A

False-the left arm

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9
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains into the ________.

A

Right subclavian vein

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node.

A

A lymph node is encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels. Incoming vessels (afferent vessels) flow through a network of sinuses that contain cells. The lymph then flows out of the lymph node through the efferent vessel. The interior of the lymph node is divided into open spaces called nodules, containing lymphocytes and macrophages.

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11
Q

What is the axilla region?

A

Armpit

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12
Q

The spleen is in what region of the body?

A

The spleen is in the upper left abdomen.

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13
Q

After blood exits the spleen via the splenic vein, where does it travel?

A

Blood leaves the spleen via the splenic vein which flows to the hepatic portal vein (also called the hepatic portal system). The hepatic portal system carries blood drained from the veins of the spleen, intestines, stomach and pancreas to the liver. The hepatic portal vein transports blood into the liver where it is detoxified before returning to general circulation.

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14
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

The spleen functions to extract old or defective blood cells and platelets. The spleen also removes debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it.

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15
Q

Label the splenic artery, vein and hepatic portal vein.

A

See figures in module.

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15
Q

Locate the thymus and describe its function.

A

The thymus gland is located on anterior surface of the heart. The thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin hormones which enable T lymphocytes (T cells) to mature and function as part of the immunity system. Mature T cells attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens.

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16
Q

Locate the tonsils and describe their function.

A

The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior portions of the throat. The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the specific immune system?

A

The specific immune system is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens. The main lymphocytes involved in specific immune responses are the T cells and the B cells. Both specific and nonspecific immune responses will be discussed here to give an overview of how the body reacts to an invasion from a foreign attack.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system?

A

It serves as a first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The nonspecific immune system response is the same to all threats that attempt to enter the body. This generalized defense system rapidly destroys large numbers of pathogens.

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18
Q

Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response.

A

Examples include: Skin, tears, sweat, normal flora, inflammatory response, fevers

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18
Q

What is swelling and why does it occur?

A

Tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the affected area to help increase the number of immune cells responding to the infection. The increase of blood also causes redness and pain, helping to bring a conscious awareness of the infection.

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19
Q

What are the two types of cytokines?

A

The two main groups of cytokines include interferons and interleukins.

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20
Q

What cells produce cytokines?

A

Both types of cytokines are produced by a variety of immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of interferons?

A

Interferons inhibit viral replication and assist in activating natural killer cells.

21
Q

What is the purpose of interleukins?

A

The group of cytokines called interleukins function as chemical activators and signals in the body to increase the immune response. There are many subtypes of interleukins that function to activate different types of immune cells.

22
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

During an infection, certain types of interleukins called pyrogens reset the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set-point during homeostasis (normal body temperature) is raised to create a fever.

23
Q

How does a fever help the body?

A

Fevers help the body fight infection by interfering with the growth and replication of pathogens. Fevers also causes lysosomes, an organelle inside cells, to break down. The lysosomes release digestive enzymes that lyse (destroys a cell) infected by a virus. In addition, fevers can promote the activity of white blood cells. Mild fevers of short duration can assist in recovery.

24
Q

What are the two subtypes of white blood cells?

A

Agranulocytes and granulocytes

25
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Eosinophils respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. As a granulocyte, eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis.

25
Q

Describe the major purpose of neutrophils.

A

Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve bacteria. Neutrophils use phagocytosis to destroy foreign cells and pathogens.

26
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

A cell, such as a neutrophil, recognizes a pathogen by its cell surface receptors. The neutrophil then binds to the pathogen and brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with cell lysosomes which release digestive enzymes to destroy the pathogen. Once the pathogen is destroyed, the contents are released from the cell.

27
Q

Label all white blood cells from their histological pictures.

A

See figures within module.

28
Q

What do basophils release?

A

Histamines and heparin

29
Q

Monocytes transform into ____ when the migrate into the tissue from the blood.

A

Macrophages

30
Q

Describe the structure of a B cell and how it becomes activated.

A

Each B cell is genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its cell coat. Each receptor binds with a specific type of antigen. B cells become activated when an antigen binds with its receptor. Once activated it is now called a plasma cell.

31
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Each plasma cell produces antibodies, which is a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B cell’s surface. After the antibody is released, it binds to the invading antigen to cause it to be inactive or mark it for destruction.

32
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

Some activated B cells become memory B cells which continue to produce a small amount of antibody even after the infection is over. If the same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with the antigen. The memory B cells can produce a specific antibody much faster and targets it for destruction at a much faster rate the second time a pathogen invades the body.

33
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. The antibodies bind to the pathogen, making it unable to cause further damage in the body and marking it for phagocytosis.

34
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA.

35
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Cell mediated immunity releases contents to kill a pathogen, such as cytokines and enzymes. Cell mediated immunity also includes the direct cellular action such as phagocytosis by other white blood cells.

36
Q

Describe the structure of T cell membranes.

A

T cells contain antigen receptors that bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membranes.

36
Q

What is a helper T cell?

A

Helper T cells secrete substances that activate or enhance immune responses. B cells require an interaction with helper T cells before they can begin rapid division.

37
Q

What is a killer T cell?

A

Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens. Killer T cells attack virus-infected cells or cells infected with cancer cells by releasing cytokines and enzymes locally to lyse the cell.

38
Q

What is graft rejection?

A

Graft rejection is the rejection of a transplanted organ by an organ donor. Tissue grafts and organ transplants most often originate from another person’s body. The MHC on the surface of the graft are recognized by the host body as a foreign pathogen.

39
Q

What types of cells to NK cells destroy?

A

Natural killer cells seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them. This makes NK cells highly effective against tumor cells.

40
Q

What is the purpose of immunosuppressant drugs?

A

They suppress the immune system. Suppressing the immune system is necessary so that the body does not reject the organ transplant or tissue graft.

40
Q

What is the MHC?

A

The glycoprotein surface receptors on the cells throughout the body are called the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC enables the immune system to determine what cells are the body’s cells and what cells are foreign. Cells of the body also have a way of displaying through the MHC complex if there is something abnormal within the cell (such as cancer).

41
Q

How do Killer T cells use the MHC complex?

A

Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) recognize and destroy invading cells through this self or not-self recognition of the MHC complexes on each cell.

42
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

An autoimmune disease occurs when antibodies and T cells attack the body’s own tissues.

43
Q

What occurs in the disease process of RA?

A

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cells produce interleukins which cause inflammation inside the joints systemically.

43
Q

What occurs in the disease process of MS?

A

Antibodies attack the or prevent the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve cells, resulting in muscular weakness.

44
Q

What are allergens?

A

mild antigens

45
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction against a pathogen or a circulating drug in the body

45
Q

What are some common allergic reactions to mild environmental factors?

A

Allergic reactions vary from person to person, but generally include red/watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose and headaches.

46
Q

Hives are_____.

A

Swelling in the form of raised red bumps

47
Q

The EpiPen releases the hormone_______.

A

Epinephrine

47
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

A person’s capillaries become so dilated it causes their blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse. A person can die from anaphylactic shock because the heart stops beating, or the airway passages become completely closed and the person can no longer breathe.

48
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Lymphedema is a specific form of edema where the lymphatic system is not working properly to return fluid back into circulation. The interstitial fluid slowly accumulates in the limb (arm or leg) and it becomes extremely swollen and distended. Lymphedema can become a serious condition if not treated because the swollen tissues are vulnerable to infection.

49
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation of the tonsils

portage ap2 flashcards (24 decks)

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