AP 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Which kidney is positioned higher in the abdominal cavity?
A
Left
2
Q
Regulatory function of the kidneys:
A
- Regulates the volume of the blood
- Chemical makeup of the blood
- Water and salt balance
- Acids and base balance
3
Q
kidney functions:
A
- Production of Renin to regulate blood pressure
- Production of erythropoietin for stimulation of red blood cell production by the bone marrow
- Deactivation of the vitamin D
4
Q
What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
A
The ureters
5
Q
What provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine?
A
Bladder
6
Q
What transports urine from the bladder out of the body?
A
Urethra
7
Q
Kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region, extending from ___ to ___?
A
T12 to L3
8
Q
Why is the right kidney is lower than the left?
A
b/c the position of the liver, which is larger on the right side of the body and pushes the right kidney downward.
9
Q
At which place, the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter/ exit ?
A
Hilus
10
Q
Cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall___
A
Adipose capsule
11
Q
Anchors the kidney__
A
Renal fascia
12
Q
Prevents kidney infection__
A
Renal capsule
13
Q
The urine is created in the nephrons and through the canalicullae of the medulla, taken to the:
A
renal pelvis
14
Q
Infection of the renal pelvis and calyces__
A
Pyelitis
15
Q
Infection/inflammation of entire kidney__
A
Pyelonephritis
16
Q
Afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus, efferent arteriole exits the ___
A
glomerulus
17
Q
Structural units of the kidney:
A
Nephrons
18
Q
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that form:
A
filtrate
19
Q
There are approximately ____ in each kidney.
A
1 million nephrons
20
Q
Most of the nephrons are located in the:
A
cortex (specifically, cortical nephrons)
21
Q
The visceral (internal) layer of glomerular capsule consists of modified, branching epithelial
podocytes terminating in foot processes, through openings of which the filtrate passes into____
A
the capsular space
22
Q
Involved mainly in reabsorption__
A
Proximal convoluted tubule
23
Q
Involved more with secretion than reabsorption__
A
Distal convoluted tubule
24
Q
Collect the final urine__
A
Collecting tubule & Collecting ducts
25
Involved in facultative water reabsorption, affected by alcohol, ADH, Aldosterone, pharmaceuticals__
Collecting tubule & Collecting ducts
26
The loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are in the ___
medulla
27
Due to the high resistance in efferent and afferent arterioles and high resistance to blood flow in the glomerulus, the ____takes place
blood filtration
28
Granular cells of juxtaglomerular system produce renin, which activates the angiotensinogen system to angiotensin and constricts the arteries, increasing the ____
blood pressure
29
In the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, there are ___ & ___
osmoreceptors and chemoreceptors
30
The filtrate contains:
water, nutrients, essential ions, urine, metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
31
Glomerular filtration rate is the total amount of filtrate formed
per minute by the kidneys
32
Factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed include:
- Total surface area available for filtration
- Filtration membrane permeability
- Net filtration pressure
33
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release, which promotes sodium and water retention, raising ___
blood pressure
34
During reabsorption, the water and ions of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Potassium(K) and
some Sodium(Na), return back into blood via ___ & ____
active and passive transport
35
Water and ion reabsorption is ____ controlled
hormonally
36
____ of filtered glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream under normal conditions (in the proximal convoluted tubule)
100%
37
The kidney's nephrons can clean the blood of an average adult in____
30 minutes
38
Sodium reabsorption is mostly an active process, meaning it requires the___
Na/K pump
39
Obligatory water reabsorption means that ____
water follows the Sodium
40
Lipid-soluble substances diffuse by the _____
transcellular route
41
Nearly all substances need carriers to go through the ____during reabsorption
cell walls
42
When the carriers are _____, excess of that substance is ____ (i.e., in Diabetes)
saturated; excreted
43
What are the substances get reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubules?
- Sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, and water
- Urea and lipid-soluble solutes
- Small proteins
44
Distal convoluted tubules reabsorb:
- Calcium2+, Na+, H+, K+
- Water
- HCO3- and Cl-
45
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) _____ urine production
increases by promoting natriuresis (sodium excretion)
46
Urine formation processes involve:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
47
Tubular secretion is important for:
- Disposing of substances not already on the filtrate
- Eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid
- Ridding the body of excess potassium ions
- Controlling blood pH
48
Osmolarity reflects the number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water and reflects the ____
solution’s ability to cause osmosis
49
The body fluids are measured in ____
milliosmols (mOsm)
50
The kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at ____
about 300 mOsm
51
Antidiuretic hormone assures that all needed water stays in the blood through inhibiting diuresis, making sure that ______
99% of water in filtrate is reabsorbed
52
Diuretics are chemicals that _____ the urinary output
increase
53
Which chemicals have diuretic properties?
-any substance not reabsorbed
- substances that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb it
- substances that inhibit Na+ reabsorption
54
Carries water out with the glucose__
high glucose levels
55
Inhibits the release of ADH__
alcohol
56
Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption__
Caffeine and most diuretic drugs
57
What is the volume of the plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time
Renal clearance
58
Renal tests are used to determine the___
GFR
59
With _______ we detect glomerular damage
renal clearance
60
The normal range of GFR for Males are ____than for females
more
61
The_____ helps to follow the progress of diagnosed renal disease
renal clearance
62
For renal clearance, usually is used the clearance of ___
creatinine
63
______ is a pigment, a product of breakdown of hemoglobin
Urochrome
64
Can drugs, vitamins supplements, diet can change the color of the urine?
Yes
65
Urine pH is slightly ____
acidic
66
Specific gravity of healthy urine ranges from____- ___
1.001 to 1.035
67
The specific gravity is dependent on _____
solvent concentration
68
What is not a normal constituent of urine?
iodine
69
Reflects blood plasma pH__
pH
70
Infection__
WBC #
71
Pregnancy__
Hormone hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
72
DM (Diabetes Mellitus)__
glucose found in urine
73
Hematuria__
RBC #
74
Increased in kidney disease__
Protein (albumin) found in urine
75
Increased in starvation, DM, alcoholics__
ketones found in urine
76
Kidney disease___
High specific gravity
77
Absent ADH___
Low specific gravity
78
Dehydration___
High specific gravity
79
Water intoxication___
low specific gravity
80
Is it normal to have a trace of hematuria?
yes
81
The ureters enter the bladder at an angle, which helps prevent urine from flowing back into the ureters, effectively helping to _____in the ____.
hold urine; bladder
82
The bladder’s muscle is called___
Detrusor
83
Detrusor muscle is under ______control
involuntary (controlled by ANS)
84
External sphincter surrounding urethra is under _____ control
voluntary
85
Creatinine clearance is commonly used to estimate _______, but creatinine is not easily absorbed or secreted by the kidneys; it is primarily excreted in urine.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR);
86
Does the distention of the wall of the urinary bladder to a certain level triggers the nerves that pass information to the brain about the need to empty the bladder?
Yes
87
Since the urethra in females is short, and the urethral opening is close to the vaginal and anal openings, it is common for females, compared to males, to have frequent ____
UTI
88
Usual symptoms in nephrolithiasis (kidney stone)?
Dysuria
Nausea/vomiting
Flank pain
Hematuria
89
Water is present inside the cells, in the space between:
the cells
in the blood
lymph
cerebrospinal fluid
eye humors
synovial fluid
serous fluid
gastrointestinal secretions
90
Inorganic salts, all acids and bases, some proteins___
Electrolytes
91
Glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea___
Non-electrolytes
92
Have greater osmotic power ___
Electrolytes
93
In the body, does the water moves according to osmotic gradients?
Yes
94
Plasma has higher content of _____ than other extracellular fluids
protein
95
In intracellular fluids the ____ is the chief cation
potassium
96
In the intracellular fluids the _____ is the chief anion
phosphate
97
The sodium and potassium concentrations in the fluids are nearly______, which reflects the activity of _______
opposite; cellular ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pumps
98
Compartmental exchange of electrolytes in regulated by ____ & _____
osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
99
If fluids leak from the blood, they are returned back through _____
lymphatic system
100
The cellular membranes have_____
selective permeability
101
Water sources for a human are:
Ingested fluid
Fluid in solids
Metabolic water
102
The body loses water through:
urine
feces
sweat
103
Which factor triggers hypothalamic thirst center?
Decline in plasma volume
Increase in plasma osmolarity
104
Which factors inhibit the thirst center after drinking water?
- Moistening of the mucosa of mouth and throat
- Activation of stomach stretch receptors
- Activation of intestinal stretch receptor
105
Factors that specifically trigger ADH release:
Vomiting or diarrhea
Severe blood loss
Traumatic burns
106
Hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse can lead to:
dehydration
107
Severe dehydration can lead to _____
hypovolemic shock
108
Dehydration may lead to loss of ____
proteins
109
In hyponatremia, there is less sodium in the plasma, which leads to____
- Moving water into the cells
- Swelling of the tissue cells
- Possible rupture of the cells
110
The treatment of Hyponatremia is use of:
Hypertonic saline
111
Factors that accelerate fluid loss include:
Increased blood pressure, capillary permeability
