AP Bio Chapter 6

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

The ability to do work or bring about a change.

Question 2

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 2

Energy possessed by anything that is moving.

Question 3

What is potential energy?

Answer 3

Stored energy.

Question 4

What is chemical energy?

Answer 4

A form of potential energy stored in molecules, dependent on their bonds.

Question 5

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Answer 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed.

Question 6

What is an example of the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 6

Solar energy used to form carbohydrates by autotrophs.

Question 7

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

Answer 7

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Question 8

What is entropy?

Answer 8

The relative amount of disorganization.

Question 9

What is metabolism?

Answer 9

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cell or body.

Question 10

What is an anabolic pathway?

Answer 10

A pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simple ones.

Question 11

What is a catabolic pathway?

Answer 11

A pathway that leads to the release of energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Question 12

What are reactants?

Answer 12

Substances needed to initiate a chemical reaction.

Question 13

What are products in a chemical reaction?

Answer 13

Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Question 14

What is free energy?

Answer 14

The amount of energy left to do work after a chemical reaction.

Question 15

What does a negative ΔG indicate?

Answer 15

An exergonic reaction, indicating a loss/release of usable energy.

Question 16

What does a positive ΔG indicate?

Answer 16

An endergonic reaction, indicating an input/gain of energy is required.

Question 17

What is ATP?

Answer 17

The energy currency of the cell.

Question 18

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 18

Adenosine (adenine + ribose) plus three phosphate groups.

Question 19

What is the role of ATP hydrolysis in coupled reactions?

Answer 19

It minimizes energy loss by coupling with an endergonic reaction.

Question 20

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 20

An orderly sequence of linked reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

Question 21

What are catalysts?

Answer 21

Substances that change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process.

Question 22

What is an enzyme?

Answer 22

An organic catalyst, usually a protein, that increases the reaction rate.

Question 23

What is a substrate?

Answer 23

The reactant of an enzymatic reaction.

Question 24

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 24

The part of the enzyme that binds temporarily with the substrate.

Question 25

What is the Induced-Fit Model?

Answer 25

When a substrate binds to an enzyme, the active site undergoes a slight change in shape to facilitate the reaction.

Question 26

What is the energy of activation (Ea)?

Answer 26

The energy that must be added to cause the molecules to react.

Question 27

How do enzymes affect the energy of activation?

Answer 27

They speed up reactions by lowering the inherent energy of activation.

Question 28

What are cofactors?

Answer 28

Inorganic ions that assist enzyme activity, e.g., zinc or iron.

Question 29

What are coenzymes?

Answer 29

Nonprotein organic molecules that assist in enzyme reactions, e.g., NAD+.

Question 30

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 30

The addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule.

Question 31

What are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

Answer 31

Reactions where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another.

Question 32

What is oxidation?

Answer 32

The loss of electrons.

Question 33

What is reduction?

Answer 33

The gain of electrons.

Question 34

What does OIL RIG stand for?

Answer 34

Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.

Question 35

What role do chloroplasts play in photosynthesis?

Answer 35

They capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy.

Question 36

What is the main product of cellular respiration?

Answer 36

ATP molecules.

Question 37

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 37

A series of redox reactions that produce ATP by establishing an electrochemical gradient.

Question 38

True or False: Enzymes increase the energy of activation.

Answer 38

False.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The catalytic cycle of an enzyme results in the production of a _______.

Answer 39

[final product].

Question 40

What factors can change enzyme shape?

Answer 40

Temperature, pH, and inhibitors.

Question 41

What is feedback inhibition?

Answer 41

A mechanism to maintain appropriate levels of enzymes in a metabolic pathway.