AP Bio Chapter 8

Question 1

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Breaks down carbohydrates to build ATP

Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.

Question 2

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP (36-38 ATP)

This equation summarizes the reactants and products of cellular respiration.

Question 3

What are the high energy and low energy compounds involved in cellular respiration?

Answer 3

High energy: C6H12O6/glucose; Low energy: CO2 and H2O

Glucose is oxidized in the process, releasing energy.

Question 4

What are the coenzymes involved in cellular respiration?

Answer 4

NAD and FAD

They temporarily accept electrons and are recycled in the process.

Question 5

What are the main steps of aerobic respiration?

Answer 5

• Glycolysis
• Preparatory Reaction (Transition)
• Citric Acid Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.

Question 6

What happens during fermentation?

Answer 6

Pyruvate is reduced to either lactate or alcohol/CO2 depending on the organism

This process occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Question 7

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

Answer 7

2 ATP, 2 NADre, 2 pyruvate

Glycolysis requires an initial investment of 2 ATP.

Question 8

What is the purpose of fermentation?

Answer 8

To oxidize NADH so it can be reused in glycolysis

This allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

Question 9

What is the structure of mitochondria relevant to cellular respiration?

Answer 9

• Intermembrane space
• Matrix
• Cristae

These structures play crucial roles in ATP production.

Question 10

What is produced during the preparatory reaction?

Answer 10

2 acetyl CoA and 2 carbon dioxide

This reaction connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

Question 11

What is the main function of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 11

Completes the oxidation of the original glucose

Each glucose molecule results in two cycles due to two acetyl CoA.

Question 12

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 12

ATP production tied to H+ gradient

This process occurs in the mitochondria during the ETC.

Question 13

How many ATP are generated from NADH in the electron transport chain?

Answer 13

3 ATP (or 2.5 ATP)

FADH2 generates 2 ATP (or 1.5 ATP).

Question 14

What is the efficiency of fermentation?

Answer 14

2.1% of the potential energy of glucose

Fermentation is not very efficient compared to aerobic respiration.

Question 15

What is an example of an allosteric enzyme in glycolysis?

Answer 15

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

It is inhibited by high levels of ATP, regulating glycolysis.

Question 16

What types of molecules can be used in cellular respiration besides glucose?

Answer 16

• Proteins
• Fats

These can be utilized at various stages of cellular respiration.

Question 17

What is the role of hemoglobin F during fetal development?

Answer 17

It pulls oxygen and hangs onto it due to increased ‘stickiness’

This adaptation helps fetuses obtain oxygen from the mother’s blood.

Question 18

What is the main advantage of variation in phospholipids?

Answer 18

Better adaptation to temperature variations

This allows cells to maintain membrane fluidity under different environmental conditions.