AP Exam Review

Question 1

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 1

forming, synthesis, anabolic, endergonic

Question 2

Hydrolysis

Answer 2

breaking, digestion, catabolic, exergonic

Question 3

Carbohydrate bond

Answer 3

glycosidic linkages

Question 4

Lipid bond

Answer 4

ester bonds

Question 5

Unsaturated fats

Answer 5

double bond, liquid at room temp

Question 6

Saturated fats

Answer 6

single carbon bonds, solid at room temp

Question 7

Nucleic acid bond

Answer 7

phosphodiester bonds in backbone, hydrogen bonds in bases

Question 8

Protein bond

Answer 8

peptide bond and disulfide bridges

Question 9

Amino acid parts

Answer 9

carboxyl (COOH), amino group (NH2), central carbon, variable R group

Question 10

Nucleic acid monomer parts

Answer 10

sugar, phosphate, and base

Question 11

Primary protein structure

Answer 11

amino acid chain

Question 12

Secondary protein structure

Answer 12

alpha helix (hydrogen bonds)

Question 13

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 13

globular mass

Question 14

Quaternary structure

Answer 14

more than one polypeptide folding

Question 15

Simple diffusion

Answer 15

passive, from high to low concentration, small and uncharged ex. O2, CO2

Question 16

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

passive, from high to low, large and polar molecules

Question 17

Active transport

Answer 17

transports molecules from low to high, uses ATP

Question 18

Water potential

Answer 18

water moves from high to low water potential

Question 19

Hypertonic

Answer 19

high solute

Question 20

Hypotonic

Answer 20

low solute

Question 21

Isotonic

Answer 21

equal solute and water

Question 22

Competitive inhibition

Answer 22

competing for active site

Question 23

Non-competitive inhibition

Answer 23

attaches at allosteric site and changes active site

Question 24

Coenzymes

Answer 24

organic molecules helping enzymes

Question 25

Cofactors

Answer 25

inorganic molecules helping enzymes

Question 26

Light independent reactions

Answer 26

the calvin cycle

Question 27

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

electron transport chain

Question 28

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 28

glycolysis and the krebs/citric acid cycle

Question 29

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 29

cleavage of membranes

Question 30

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 30

cell plate reforms new cell wall

Question 31

Cell-mediated responses

Answer 31

cytotoxic T cells target pathogens in cells

Question 32

Humoral responses

Answer 32

B cells produce antibodies against specific antigens

Question 33

Nuclear division

Answer 33

when no cytokinesis occurs and the cell has extra genetic material now

Question 34

Polarized neuron

Answer 34

Na(+) outside, K(+) and Cl(-) inside

Question 35

Mendel's laws

Answer 35

Law of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment

Question 36

Homologous pairs

Answer 36

chromosomes of same structural features

Question 37

Sister chromatids

Answer 37

identical half of a chromosome

Question 38

Incomplete dominance

Answer 38

traits are blended

Question 39

Codominance

Answer 39

recessive trait is not fully masked ex. spotting

Question 40

Epistasis

Answer 40

one gene effects the expression of another

Question 41

Polygenic

Answer 41

many genes affect one trait

Question 42

Nondisjunction

Answer 42

the failure of chromosomes to separate at anaphase of meiosis

Question 43

DNA building

Answer 43

DNA is made in the 5' to 3' direction

Question 44

Central dogma

Answer 44

DNA-RNA-protein-trait

Question 45

Lytic cycle

Answer 45

viruses reproduce in a cell then rupture and move to new cells

Question 46

Retrovirus

Answer 46

use reverse transcriptase to create RNA-DNA-protein-trait

Question 47

Mutualism

Answer 47

+/+

Question 48

Commensalism

Answer 48

+/0

Question 49

Parasitism

Answer 49

+/-

Question 50

Predation

Answer 50

+/-