The Chemistry of Life (U3)

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

a basic substance made of only one kind of atoms

Question 2

Compound

Answer 2

a substance of two or more elements combined

Question 3

What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of biological matter?

Answer 3

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 4

Atom

Answer 4

Made of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that orbit in rings

Question 5

Atomic number

Answer 5

the number of protons in an atom

Question 6

Mass number

Answer 6

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 7

Valence electrons

Answer 7

the electrons in the atom’s outermost shell

Question 8

How do you find valence number?

Answer 8

elements in the same column have the same valence number and similar chemical properties

Question 9

Electron configuration

Answer 9

atoms tend to complete or empty a partially filled valence shell - this drives chemical reactions and create bonds

Question 10

Non-polar covalent bond

Answer 10

pairs of electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Question 11

Polar covalent bond

Answer 11

pairs of electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, creating a charge

Question 12

Ionic bond

Answer 12

the transfer of valence electrons between atoms

Question 13

Intermolecular bonds

Answer 13

bonds between molecules

Question 14

Intramolecular bonds

Answer 14

bonds within molecules (between atoms)

Question 15

Hydrogen bond

Answer 15

when hydrogen bonds with highly electronegative atoms, provides structure and stability

Question 16

Water molecules

Answer 16

+H attracted to -O, a “sticky” molecule

Question 17

What are the five properties of water?

Answer 17

cohesion and adhesion, ability to dissolve substances, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and ability of ice to float in water

Question 18

Cohesion

Answer 18

hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules

Question 19

Adhesion

Answer 19

hydrogen bonding between H2O and other substances

Question 20

Capillary action

Answer 20

the movement of water through the use of cohesion and adhesion

Question 21

Solvents

Answer 21

dissolve solutes creating solutions

Question 22

Universal solvent

Answer 22

water due to its polarity

Question 23

Hydrophillic

Answer 23

substances with attraction to water (polar molecules)

Question 24

Hydrophobic

Answer 24

substances that don’t have an attraction to water (non-polar molecules)

Question 25

Hydrocarbon

Answer 25

any combination of hydrogen and carbon atoms, sable, hydrophobic, and gas at room temp

Question 26

Carbon atoms

Answer 26

versatile building blocks, can form 4 stable covalent bonds

Question 27

Isomer

Answer 27

molecules with the same molecule formula but different structures

Question 28

Hydroxyl

Answer 28

-OH, alcohols

Question 29

Carbonyl adehyde

Answer 29

-C=O at the end

Question 30

Carbonyl ketone

Answer 30

-C=O in the middle

Question 31

Carboxyl

Answer 31

-COOH, fatty and amino acids

Question 32

Amino

Answer 32

-NH2, amines (compounds) that act as a base

Question 33

Sulfhydryl

Answer 33

-SH, thiols, stabilize proteins with disulfide bridges

Question 34

Phosphate

Answer 34

-PO4^2-

Question 35

What are the four major macromolecule classes?

Answer 35

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 36

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 36

condensation reaction, a polymer is formed by removing H2O monomers, requires energy and enzymes

Question 37

Hydrolysis

Answer 37

digestion, breaking down of a polymer by removing one monomer at a time, releases energy

Question 38

What are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 38

monomers that are sugars, classified by the number of carbons, for energy storage and structure

Question 39

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 39

when two monosaccharides are bonded together during dehydration synthesis

Question 40

Starch vs. cellulose

Answer 40

starch is easy to digest whereas only bacteria can digest cellulose

Question 41

Starch vs. glycogen

Answer 41

starch is plants and glycogen is animals

Question 42

Fats

Answer 42

HC tail and carboxyl head, protect, insulate, and store energy

Question 43

Phospholipids

Answer 43

fatty acid tails and PO4 head, creates cell membranes

Question 44

Steroids

Answer 44

4 fused carbon rings with functional groups, create animal cell membranes

Question 45

Ester linkage

Answer 45

the bond between OH and COOH in lipids

Question 46

Saturated fats

Answer 46

long straight chains, solid at room temp, contributes to cardiovascular disease

Question 47

Unsaturated fats

Answer 47

kinks in chains due to double bonds, liquid at room temp

Question 48

Nucleic acids

Answer 48

store and transfer genetic information

Question 49

RNA

Answer 49

single helix (ribonucleic acid)

Question 50

DNA

Answer 50

double helix (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 51

Nucleotides

Answer 51

made of nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 52

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 52

bond in nucleic acids between sugar and PO4

Question 53

Purine

Answer 53

double ring nitrogen base (adenine and guanine)

Question 54

Pyrimidine

Answer 54

single ring nitrogen base (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

Question 55

Replication

Answer 55

the copying of DNA

Question 56

Proteins

Answer 56

structurally and functionally diverse (enzymes, structure, carriers, cell communication, defense, movement, and storage)

Question 57

What are the 4 major components of an amino acid?

Answer 57

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group