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AP Bio > First semester Exam > Flashcards

First semester Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency over time

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2
Q

Artificial selection

A

the human selection of different desirable traits

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

traits that improve survival or reproduction will accumulate in the population

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4
Q

Steps of Natural selection

A
  1. variation
  2. overproduction
  3. competition
  4. survival of the fittest
  5. differential reproduction
  6. generations
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5
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

fossil record (transitional fossils), artificial selection (antibiotics), anatomical/morphological (structure), molecular data (DNA code)

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6
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar features indicate a common ancestor

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7
Q

Analogous structures

A

structures similar in function but not structure (ex, bird and butterfly wings)

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8
Q

Population

A

the smallest unit able to evolve

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9
Q

Sources of variation

A

mutation and sexual reproduction

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10
Q

Five agents of evolutionary change

A

genetic drift (bottleneck, founder effect), gene flow (migration), mutation, non-random mating (sexual selection), selection

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11
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

a natural, random disaster reduces the population size and limits gene pool

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12
Q

Founder effect

A

a random group splinters off and starts a new colony

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13
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

when the heterozygous genotype has a higher fitness than the homozygous individuals

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14
Q

Phylogeny

A

the history of the evolution of a species or group

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15
Q

Clade

A

a branch on a phylogenetic tree that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

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16
Q

Derived traits

A

traits in the most recent ancestor

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17
Q

Synapomorphies

A

characteristics shared by a group due to their inheritance from a common ancestor

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18
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar features in species in a similar environment

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19
Q

Four sources of phylogenetic information

A

morphology, embryology/development, behavior, molecular data

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20
Q

Binomial nomenclature example

A

Homo Sapiens

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21
Q

Taxon

A

a group of populations that form a unit

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22
Q

Eight main taxonomic categories

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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23
Q

Speciation

A

the process in which populations evolve into their own distinct species

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24
Q

Biological species concept

A

a species is a population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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25
Ecological species concept
species occupy similar habitats
26
Morphological species concept
species have similar structure
27
Allopatric speciation
the formation of new species after geographic separation
28
Sympatric speciation
formation of new species in the same area
29
Pre-zygotic barriers
geographic isolation, ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
30
Post-zygotic barriers
reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
31
Haldane-Oparin hypothesis
early earth's atmosphere was reducing and at first contained no organic molecules
32
Miller-Urey experiment
were able to form organic compounds out of the hypothesized conditions of early earth
33
Endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living cells evidence: structural, genetic, functional
34
Non-polar covalent bonds
pair of valence electrons shared equally by 2 atoms (strong)
35
Polar covalent bonds
pair of valence electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms (strong)
36
Ionic bonds
one takes electrons and one gives electrons (weak)
37
Hydrogen bonds
attraction between positive hydrogen in one water molecule to negative oxygen in other water molecule
38
Five characteristics of water
1. cohesion and adhesion 2. water is a good solvent 3. ice floats in liquid water 4. water has a high specific heat 5. water has a high heat of vaporization
39
Four main macromolecule classes
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
40
Dehydration synthesis
uses energy to make a polymer through the removal of water (condensation reaction/endergonic/anabolic)
41
Hydrolysis
releasing energy by splitting water and breaking polymer (digestion, exergonic, catabolic)
42
Starch
slow release of energy (used in plants)
43
Glycogen
fast release of energy (used in animals)
44
Glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond joining a carb to something else
45
Ester linkage
a bond between the oxygen and carbon atoms in lipids
46
Saturated fats
long straight chains, no carbon double bonds, solid at room temp, contributes to cardiovascular disease
47
Unsaturated fats
kinky chains, carbon doubles bonds, liquid at room temp
48
Components of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
49
Nucleic backbone
made of sugar and phosphate backbone, held together by phosphodiester bond
50
Components of an amino acid
central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side chain)
51
Peptide bond
the bond between and amine (NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl (COOH) of another
52
Primary structure
the order of amino acids in the chain
53
Secondary structure
folding alone short sections of polypeptide (H bonds)
54
Tertiary structure
interactions between distant amino acids
55
Quaternary structure
more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
56
Protein denaturation
the unfolding of a protein (due to temp, pH, or salinity) that alters structure and destroys functionality
57
Enzyme concentration
as enzymes increase, reaction rate increases then levels off
58
Substrate concentration
as substrates increase reaction rate increases then levels off
59
Optimum temperature of enzymes
35-40 degrees C
60
Optimum pH of enzymes
6-8 but depends on local conditions
61
Competitive inhibtion
inhibitor and substrate compete for active site
62
Non-competitive inhibition
inhibitor binds to site other then active site (allosteric)
63
Feedback inhibition
final reaction product inhibits earlier step, stops unnecessary accumulation of product
64
Free ribosomes
ribosomes in the cytosol synthesize proteins in the cytosol
65
Bound ribosomes
ribosomes attached to ER synthesize proteins for export
66
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids and hydrolyzes glycogen in the cytosol, builds membranes
67
Rough ER
produces proteins for export, packages into vesicles
68
Golgi apparatus
finishes, sorts, tags, and ships cell products in vesicles
69
Endomembrane system
nucleus, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles
70
Lysosomes
only in animal cells, digests macromolecules, "cleans"
71
Vacuoles
storage in plants
72
Cytoskeleton
provides support and anchorage, motility, and regulation, made of microfilaments and microtubules
73
Phospholipid
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
74
Peripheral proteins
loosely bound to the surface of membrane, usually as a cell surface identity marker
75
Transmembrane proteins
penetrate the lipid bilayer to allow for transport
76
Membrane carbohydrates
allow for cell to cell recognition
77
Second law of thermodynamics
the universe tends towards entropy
78
Hypertonic
more solute, less water
79
Hypotonic
less solute, more water
80
Isotonic
equal solute and water
81
Passive transport
diffusion of non-polar molecules from high to low
82
Active transport
diffusion from low to high, requires ATP
83
Phagocytosis
cellular eating
84
Pinocytosis
cellular drinking
85
Endocytosis
moving large molecules into a cell
86
Exocytosis
moving large molecules out of a cell
87
ATP
modified nucleotide that adds phosphate groups
88
Chemiosmosis
the movement of ions across a membrane (through ATP synthase) down their electrochemical gradient
89
Oxidation
losing electrons, exergonic (releases energy)
90
Reduction
gaining electrons, endergonic (stores energy)
91
Alcohol fermentation
irreversible anaerobic reaction converting pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
92
Lactic acid fermentation
reversible anaerobic reaction converting pyruvate to lactic acid
93
Glycolysis
first step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytosol
94
Krebs/Citric acid cycle
second step of cellular respiration, occurs in mitochondrial matrix, net gain is 2 ATP and 10 electron carriers, happens twice for each glucose molecule
95
Electron transport chain (CR)
third step of cellular respiration, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along cristae
96
Substrate-level phosphorylation
the formation of ATP from inorganic molecules (Krebs and Glycolysis)
97
Oxidative-level phosphorylation
the formation of ATP in the presence of organic molecules (ex. oxygen in the ETC)
98
Stages of photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions (mitochondria) and light-independent reactions (stroma)
99
Intercellular junctions in plants
plasmodesmata
100
Intercellular junctions in animals
tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
101
Autocrine
signal affects the same cell
102
Paracrine
signal affects nearby cells
103
Hormone (endocrine)
signal affects distant cells
104
Benefits of secondary messengers
Amplification, cascade multiplier, fast response

AP Bio (7 decks)

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