AP PSYCH CARDS Flashcards

Question

Alfred Binet

Answer 1

Created test to see if children were ready for school; tests were turned into IQ tests

Answer 2

revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children

Answer 3

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI

Answer 4

Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g" for generability

Answer 5

Developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the ink blots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality

Answer 6

Conducted Stanford Prison experiment; studied to power of social roles to influence peoples bx; proved people's bx depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped bc it got out of control

Answer 7

Conducted a hospital environment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of bx on being a patient; proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting. He had to pretend to have schizophrenia to enter a mental hospital

Answer 8

Study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all the members of a group have an obviously incorrect answer. Line test

Answer 9

Conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient. Shock experiment

Answer 10

Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully cloth/wire mothers

Answer 11

Psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious, id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our bx and personalities. Defense mechanisms

Answer 12

Criticized Freud; said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs. Moving against, away, or towards people

Answer 13

learned helplessness is the giving up rx that occurs from the experience that whatever you do cannot change your situation

Answer 14

First to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; leading curves

Answer 15

Did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex

Answer 16

Believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger; did experiment by inserting balloon in subjects stomach

Answer 17

Pioneered the first study on JND (Just noticeable difference) which became Weber's Law; the JND btwn stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of standard stimulus

Answer 18

Theory proposed the 5 stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance)

Answer 19

mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences w/o inferences and to feel w/o knowing why

Answer 20

clinging to one's belief even when they have been discredited

Answer 21

when one's beliefs force them to distort logic in order to support that belief

Answer 22

tendency to search for information that support that belief

Answer 23

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint when in a group

Answer 24

The tendency to believe that others agree with us more than they do

Answer 25

frustration creates anger which may create aggression

Answer 26

Tendency for individual group members of two basically opposed views to become more extreme in their opposition to the other view

Answer 27

When desire for harmony in a group overrides logical search for alternative solutions

Answer 28

Tendency to believe, after a solution has been found, that you know it all along

Answer 29

The perception of a relationship where none exists bc we only notice instances that fit our existing schemes or stereotypes (confirmation bias)

Answer 30

tendency to favor one's own group and to view the out-group negatively

Answer 31

tendency for people to believe the world is just and therefore people get what they deserve

Answer 32

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Answer 33

Incorporating false information into memories and believing they are accurate

Answer 34

Tendency to believe our opinions are correct more often than they are

Answer 35

Making a decision or forming an opinion based on what we most associate w/ that topic; stereotyping

Answer 36

Making a decision or forming an opinion based on what we have most recently learned, seen or heard

Answer 37

A readiness to believe good things about ourselves; tend to blame the situation when something goes wrong for us; but credit when it goes welll

Answer 38

Tend to blame the personality of others for what they are doing wrong, rather than the situation

Answer 39

Tendency to remember the first and last item

Answer 40

Improved performance on tasks in front of groups, it applies to tasks we know well or do well, not to newly learned or difficult tasks

Answer 41

Tendency for individuals engaged in a group task to work less hard than if they were being held individually accountable or working alone

Answer 42

A situation when those engaged in a conflicting pursuit of self-interest become caught in mutually self-destructive bx

Answer 43

Experimental groups

Answer 44

Your prediction of how the experimebt will come out, based upon a theory

Answer 45

All cases in a study; group from which samples are drawn. If you were studying teen driving for instance, teens would be your population; the specific teens you studied would be your sample

Answer 46

The group you are doing the actual experiment on. They should all have had the same chance of being selected from the population

Answer 47

The way in which you assign members of the random sample to the control or experimental group. Again, each member of the random sample should have an equal chance of being selected to each group. Try to keep all things equal. Wait until everyone is there and randomly select them

Answer 48

The person you are doing an experiment of; a member of the random sample who has been randomly assigned

Answer 49

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Spell out what you at comparing and how you are going to measure and compare the dependent variable

Answer 50

The experimental factor that is manipulated; how the groups are different

Answer 51

The group being experimented on or acted upon by the independent variable

Answer 52

Group compared to the experimental group to see if any change has occurred bc of the independent variable

Answer 53

Bx or mental process that is being tested; the bx or mental process that changes bc of the introduction of the independent variable. The results of the experiment are compared to the bx or mental process before and after, or against the control group of the dependent variable

Answer 54

The outcome in quantitative or measurable bxl terms comparing the dependent variable before and after

Answer 55

Uncontrolled variables that affect the control group and experimental group affecting your results

Answer 56

Technique, wherein neither the experimenter nor the subject know who is in the control group or experimental group so that they won't sway the reaults

Answer 57

Sum of a list of numbers, divided by the total numbers in the list

Answer 58

Smallest number such that at least half the numbers in the list are no greater than it. If the list has an odd number of entries, the median is the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into increasing order. If the list has an even number of entries, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle numbers divided by two

Answer 59

Most common value; a list can have more than 1 mode. For histograms a mode is a relative max number (bump)

Answer 60

Tells how spread out numbers are from the average; calculated by taking the square root of arithmetic average of the squares of the deviations from the mean in a frequency distributions

Answer 61

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Answer 62

predicts how and when we detect the prescience of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

Answer 63

theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulated in a combination, can produce the perception of any color

Answer 64

opposing retinal processes enable color vision (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black)

Answer 65

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Answer 66

Rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Answer 67

The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

Answer 68

the idea that a physiological need creates a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Answer 69

Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our psychological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

Answer 70

An emotion-arousing stimulus triggers cognitive body responses simultaneously

Answer 71

Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must be psychically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Answer 72

We tend to ice a casual explanation for someone's bx, often by creating either the situation or the person's disposition

Answer 73

we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Answer 74

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 75

Our bx is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 76