ap psych unit 0

Question 1

what is psychology?

Answer 1

study of behaviour and mental processes
-how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment

Question 2

what is pseudo-psychology?

Answer 2

the phony or unscientific psychology

Question 3

psychology vs. psychiatry

Answer 3

psychiatry: specialty in medical field, can prescribe medication for mental and behavioural problems
psychology: broader field with many specialities

Question 4

hindsight bias?

Answer 4

tendency to believe after learning the outcome, “i knew all along”

Question 5

overconfidence

Answer 5

the tendency to think we know more than we do
quick and confident thinking over correct answers

Question 6

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 6

occurs when gamblers believe after losses a win is due soonall events are random and independent

Question 7

waves of thought

Answer 7

introspection, gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, behaviourism

Question 8

theory

Answer 8

explains behaviours/events by offering ideas that organize observations

Question 9

whats one thing you have to look out for when testing a theory?

Answer 9

falsifiability…..can it be proven wrong?

Question 10

what is an experiment

Answer 10

research method that manipulates one or more factors to observe behaviourrandom assignment of participants

Question 11

experimental method?

Answer 11

this is the only way to prove causal relationships cause = effect

Question 12

experiments need two groups

Answer 12

experimental group: exposed to the independent variable
control group: not exposed to the independent variable

Question 13

what are confounding variables?

Answer 13

variables that affect the results, harder to prove that the iv caused the results

Question 14

ethnocentrism?

Answer 14

experimenter assumes behaviours that are typical in their cultures

Question 15

all components of an experiment?

Answer 15

hypothesis, iv, dv, experimental/control groups, random sample/assignment, and placebo*

Question 16

what is a case study

Answer 16

an in-depth study of an individual or group for long periods of time to collect data
done to hopefully reveal universal principles

Question 17

naturalistic observation? strengths/weaknesses

Answer 17

non-experimental technique to observe behaviour without manipulating anything: real data, no hawthorne effect, cant react to researcher

Question 18

survey method, strengths/weaknesses

Answer 18

a non-experimental technique
s: gathers large amounts of data fast/easily
w: does not provide causation

Question 19

case study strengths/weaknesses

Answer 19

s: chronological data, full picture, different views
w: time consuming, does not provide causation, cannot always be generalized, expensive

Question 20

directionality problem

Answer 20

cannot tell us which variable is the cause, which one is the effect

Question 21

correlational coefficient

Answer 21

strength of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1

Question 22

types of correlation…

Answer 22

positive correlation (two up arrows), negative correlation (one up one down)

Question 23

scatterplots?

Answer 23

a graph that reveals the correlation between two variables

Question 24

if the correlational coefficient is 0 what does that mean?

Answer 24

no correlation between the variables

Question 25

illusory correlation

Answer 25

when we perceive that a relationship exists between two variables exist, when its weaker or doesn’t exist

Question 26

ex post facto research? strengths/weaknesses

Answer 26

research where we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition.. s: interesting cases w: no causation/generalization

Question 27

cross sectional vs longitudinal studies

Answer 27

both are not research methods!!! cs: compares different groups l: one group, data over long period, used in developmental psychology, time consuming

Question 28

cohort sequential study

Answer 28

mix of cross sectional and longitudinal group of people the same age at different starting points

Question 29

descriptive vs inferential statistics

Answer 29

descriptive: numerical data to organize/measure/describe group characteristics, charts or graphs, e.g, mean median mode/central tendency inferential: predictions of data collected, how the iv/variable a applies to the general population

Question 30

what is the frequency distribution table for?

Answer 30

needed to organize data and determine how often data occurs

Question 31

histogram

Answer 31

bar graph that depicts frequency distribution

Question 32

mean median mode central tendency

Answer 32

mean: average of the data median: measure represented by middle score mode: most frequently occurring score central tendency: aims to provide a single value to represent data

Question 33

what is an outlier?

Answer 33

extreme scores that can influence the mean median mode

Question 34

what is standard deviation?

Answer 34

the average distance from the mean —> low means the scores are close to the mean, high means the scores are spread over large range of values

Question 35

normal distribution/bell curve?

Answer 35

a symmetrical distribution produced when large group of people’s variables are tested mean median mode are at the 0-point value

Question 36

what is skewed distribution?

Answer 36

skewed distribution is a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Question 37

positive/negative skew?

Answer 37

positive: occurs when scores pull mean toward the higher end of score (lower scores than high) negative: occurs when scores pull mean toward the lower end of score (higher scores than low)

Question 38

statistical significance means?

Answer 38

the results are valid, they are not happening by chance iv manipulation resulted in accurate data in correlational studies this means a correlational coefficient of .05 or greater to have statistical significance

Question 39

what is the irb for?

Answer 39

the institutional review board are responsible for ethical guidelines, evaluation of risks/benefits, and applies only to human research*but the irb applies to both humans and animals

Question 40

animal research requires?

Answer 40

clear purpose treated in a humane way acquire, care for and dispose of animals legally least amount of suffering as possible

Question 41

human research requires?

Answer 41

no coercion it has to be voluntary, they can withdraw informed consent: the participant(s) must know the nature of the study anonymity: participants are set anonymous unless consented to naming deception/debrief: must fully explain the nature of the study and provide additional services if needed

Question 42

what is the hawthorne effect?

Answer 42

sometimes the control group may experience changes just knowing you are in an experiment can cause change

Question 43

what is experimenter bias?

Answer 43

a type of confounding variable experimenters can unknowingly apply their self fulfilling prophecy not a conscious act

Question 44

random sample vs random assignment?

Answer 44

a random sample is each person in the larger population has a chance of being selected to participaterandom assignment is each person in the study has an equal chance (50/50) of being put into the control/experimental group

Question 45

list all the perspectives in psychology (10)

Answer 45

biological, socio-cultural, developmental, cognitive, evolutionary, behavioural, humanistic, psychodynamic, trait theory, behavioural-genetic

Question 46

explain the biological/biopsychological perspective

Answer 46

your feelings/behaviours are from the brain (organic root), body/brain chemistry, and neurotransmitters

Question 47

explain the developmental perspective

Answer 47

focuses on the psychological growth of individuals how we change in responses and behaviour as we age

Question 48

explain the cognitive perspective

Answer 48

focuses on how we think

Question 49

explain the humanistic perspective

Answer 49

focuses on the uniqueness of each individual personal growth, self actualization, human potential

Question 50

explain the socio-cultural perspective

Answer 50

focuses on the social and cultural environments and influence our behaviours, thoughts, and emotions

Question 51

explain the behavioural perspective vs behavioural genetic perspective

Answer 51

b: focuses on how environment and learned experiences shape behaviourb-g: focuses on how genetic composition influences behaviour, how the environment + genetics interact to affect behaviour

Question 52

explain the evolutionary perspective

Answer 52

focuses on the way we behave due to inherited characteristics and how these behaviours helped ensure survival for our ancestors e.g, darwinism

Question 53

explain the psychodynamic perspective

Answer 53

focuses on the unconscious mental forces within an individual, like the influence of early childhood experiences that drive their emotions/behavioursexplores underlying desires and anxieties that are largely unaware to the person but still impact their personality and actions internal conflicts shape behaviour