unit 2 - memory and intelligence/achievement Flashcards
memory is often seen as a 3 step process…
encoding, storage, retrieval
information processing model
sensory memory: immediate brief memory recording of sensory information
working memory: briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten
long-term memory: relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, includes knowledge, skill, and experiences
parallel processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
baddeley’s 3 systems of working memory
central executive (semantic info)phonological loop (auditory info)visuospatial sketchpad (visual info)
what is LTP?
long term potentiation
an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
eidetic memory?
technical term for photographic memory
chunking?
organizing items into familiar manageable units (automatically)
maintenance vs. elaborate rehearsal?
maintenance: simple repetition to keep STM until it can be used
elaborative: relating new info to already existing memory in LTM
mnemonic devices
memory aids
creating songs/sentences to help you memorize more things
acronyms
e.g, soh cah toa, bff, lmao!
hippocampus
a “save” button for explicit memories
not permanently stored in hippocampus
critical to memory
left = verbal memory
right = visual/locations
explicit vs. implicit memory
declarative, explicit memory: requires conscious effort to retrieve. Examples: remembering a birthday date, recalling facts about a historical event. Often associated with declarative memory (knowing facts).non-declarative, implicit memory: unconscious recall, often through automatic processes. Examples: knowing how to ride a bike, typing on a keyboard without thinking about finger placement. Associated with procedural memory (motor skills)
episodic/semantic memory
episodic: memories for specific events, stored as sequential events (experienced events)semantic: memories that are general world knowledge, stored as facts or categories (facts and general stuff)
distributed practice/spacing effect
strategy of learning smaller increments of study over a long period of time
testing effect
restudying/rereading
flashbulb memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant event
personal or shared event (most of the time)
serial position effect
the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list
content-dependent memory
idea that memories are easier to recall if put in the same place/environment that memory was formed
state-dependent memory
tendency to remember information better when you’re in the same physiological (mental/physical) state
mood-congruent memory
emotions serve as a cue and you can often remember events better when you are in the same moode,g, happy, happy memories. sad, sad memories
anterograde vs. retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia: inability to form memories from new information
retrograde amnesia: inability to remember information previously stored in memory
retrieval cues and give examples (3)
serves as connection points to access memory, priming
recall: must reproduce previously presented material
recognition: identify information that has been previously presented
primacy effect vs. recency effect
primacy effect: predicts that we are more likely to recall items at the beginning of a list
recency effect: demonstrates our ability to recall items at the end of a list
the misinformation effect
occurs when memory has been corrupted by misleading information
