AP TEST unit 7 motivations, emotions, stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

Question 2

drive reduction theory

Answer 2

Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (food –> hunger –> eating)

Question 3

incentive theory

Answer 3

Where our needs (drives) push, incentives (positive of negative stimuli) pull us in reducing out drives

a food deprived person (need) who smells baking bread (incentive) feels strong hunger drive

Question 4

arousal theory

Answer 4

Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal (sress) but to seek optimum levels of it

Question 5

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 5

predicts that there is a relationship between the difficulty of a task, our level of arousal, and the eventual outcome
For easy tasks = higher levels of arousal
For difficult tasks = low levels

Question 6

Hierachy of Motives

Answer 6

physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization

Question 7

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 7

depresses hunger

Question 8

Lateral hypothalamua

Answer 8

brings on hunger

Question 9

ghrelin

Answer 9

increases hunger

Question 10

set point theory

Answer 10

Manipulating lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat” (predetermined weight)
If weight is lost – food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases
If weight is gained – the opposite takes place

Question 11

james-lange theory emotion

Answer 11

how you react; proposes that we react to the change in the body we feel (autonomic nervous system triggers something like the sight of an oncoming car, triggering pounding heart)

Question 12

cannon bard theory

Answer 12

pshysiological activity and emotions/feelings happen simultaneously (sight of oncoming car —> pounding heart + fear)

Question 13

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Answer 13

Physiology + our cognitions (thoughts) = emotions

sight of oncoming car → pounding heart + thinking about it ( cognitive label = “i’m afraid”) → fear

Question 14

arousal and performance

Answer 14

We perform better under moderate arousal however optimal performance varies with task difficulty
Less difficult = need more arousal
More difficult = need less arousal

Question 15

stress

Answer 15

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called (stressors), that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 16

adaptive stress

Answer 16

in a fearful situation we can run away and save our lives

Question 17

maladaptive stress

Answer 17

if stress is prolonged it increases risk of illness and health

Question 18

fight or flight response

Answer 18

marked by outpour of epinephrine and norepinephrine from inner adrenal glands increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, dulling pain

Question 19

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 19

selye; Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 20

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance

Question 21

instrumental agression

Answer 21

aggressive behavior meant to achieve a specific goal