ap unit 1

Question 1

Operational definition

Answer 1

the statement of procedures the researcher is going to use in order to measure a specific variable.

Question 2

Quantitative vs qualitative data

Answer 2

quantitative is numerical type, qualitative is non numerical, descriptive.

Question 3

Descriptive research

Answer 3

these studies are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured.

Question 4

Case study

Answer 4

an observation technique in which one individual or just a few individuals are carefully studied in depth.

Question 5

Survey method

Answer 5

self report data, relies on the individuals own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes.

Question 6

Observer effect

Answer 6

when people know they’re being watched, they are less likely to behave naturally.

Question 7

Hawthorne effect

Answer 7

change in behavior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers, not manipulation.

Question 8

Correlational studies

Answer 8

research used to see if two variables are related and to make predictions based on relationship.

Question 9

Correlation coefficient

Answer 9

the direction of the relationship between the variable and its strength, helps us figure how closely other two things vary together, and thus how well either one predicts the other.

Question 10

positive vs negative correlation coefficient

Answer 10

closer to -1 or +1 makes it a stronger relationship, if it’s closer to 0 it’s a weaker relationship.

Question 11

Experimental method

Answer 11

the only way to establish that there is a cause and effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a scientific experiment.

Question 12

Variables

Answer 12

anything that can vary or change, help test hypotheses.

Question 13

Independent variable

Answer 13

treatment (x), the factor that the experimenter controls and manipulates. It’s believed to cause the change.

Question 14

Dependent variable

Answer 14

measured (y), the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. It’s believed to change when an independent variable changes.

Question 15

Confounding variable

Answer 15

a lurking variable, differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable.

Question 16

Population

Answer 16

includes all the individuals in the group to which the study applies.

Question 17

Confederate

Answer 17

individuals who seem to be participants but in reality are part of the research team.

Question 18

Representative Sample

Answer 18

a group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole.

Question 19

Random Sample

Answer 19

select people to participate in research in such a way that everyone in the population has an equal chance of being included.

Question 20

Control group vs experimental group

Answer 20

control is being compared to the other group, it has no treatment or some treatment with no effect. The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable, receives the experimental manipulation.

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

allows researchers to separate the effect of the variable itself from the expectations of the participants.

Question 22

Single blind vs double blind

Answer 22

single blind is a research design when the participants don’t know which treatment group they are in. (experimental or controlled). Double blind is a research design when both the experimenter and participants don’t know what group they are in.

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

whether or not an experiment can be repeated.

Question 24

Validity

Answer 24

the accuracy of an experiment, to see if it’s testing what it’s supposed to test.

Question 25

Find Mean, Median, Mode

Answer 25

mean is the average (add up all the numbers, divide by how many numbers), median is the middle number (place numbers in order then find middle), mode is the most repeated number (find the most recurring).

Question 26

Range

Answer 26

represents the span of the scores in a data set (estimate of variation)

Question 27

Standard Deviation

Answer 27

(SD) scores in a group differ from the mean of that same group.

Question 28

Skewed Data

Answer 28

an outlier is disproportionately affecting the mean, a few scores stretch away from the group.

Question 29

Skewed data postive

Answer 29

the long tail is on the positive side of the peak. Right side of peak.

Question 30

Skewed data negative

Answer 30

the long tail is on the negative side of the peak. Left side of peak.

Question 31

Statistical significance

Answer 31

a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

Question 32

Outlier

Answer 32

a data point that sits an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample. Once normal range is found, the outliers are found.

Question 33

Null hypothesis

Answer 33

predicts there will not be a significant relationship.

Question 34

Ethics

Answer 34

the correct rules of conduct and moral principles necessary when carrying out research.

Question 35

Two types of ethics review boards

Answer 35

Institutional Review Board for humans and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for animals.

Question 36

Informed consent

Answer 36

a form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of research.

Question 37

Discontinued participation

Answer 37

participant is capable of leaving and not continuing study at any time

Question 38

Confidentiality

Answer 38

any data collected in the experiment should remain completely private.

Question 39

Dorothea Dix

Answer 39

she helped to spread and founding more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill. Helped to change the idea that mentally disturbances can be cured and treated.

Question 40

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 40

“father of psychology” 1879, separated psychology from philosophy, personally trained leading psychologists, first to establish an experimental lab for psych.

Question 41

Structuralism

Answer 41

what the mind is, focus of study was the structure or basis element of consciousness using trained introspection.

Question 42

William James

Answer 42

“father of American psychology” professor at Harvard, first to teach a psych course, wrote The Principles of Psychology.

Question 43

Mary Winton Calkins

Answer 43

studied psych under James at Harvard, worked to get PhD but was refused to get it, first female president of American Psychological Association.

Question 44

Margaret Flow Washburn

Answer 44

Titcheners’ first grad student, first woman to get PhD of psych in Cornell University, interested in animal behavior, wrote The Animal Mind, served as president in American Psychological Association.

Question 45

G Stanley Hall

Answer 45

member of school of structuralism, set up a psych lab employing introspection at Johns Hopkins University (first psych lab in US), helped found the American Psychological Association, founded first journal research in psych.

Question 46

Functionalism

Answer 46

what the mind does, higher mental processes were developed over the ages by evolution because of their adaptive value/life preserving functions.