ap unit 4

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

(1849-1936) Russian physiologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, studied digestion accidentally discovered the learning process now known as classical conditioning (dog salivate with food, bell added, dog salivates)

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response, we learn to anticipate events

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

Produces no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS)

Answer 5

A stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditioned response or reflex (biologically significant stimulus, don’t have to learn to respond to this stimulus)

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR or UCR)

Answer 6

An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (requires no previous learning)

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

a previously neutral stimulus that is becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (learned reflexive response, only occurs after an association has been made with unconditional and conditioned stimulus)

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened (after an association is made, the subject will begin to emit a behavior in response to the previous neutral stimulus)

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

the occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period (repeated extinction/recovery cycles will weaken the conditioned response)

Question 12

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 12

the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Question 13

Taste Aversion

Answer 13

the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food (classical conditioning can result in changes in behavior, even after one incidence)

Question 14

Biological Preparedness

Answer 14

some associations form more readily because they aid in survival

Question 15

Watson’s “Little Albert” Experiment

Answer 15

controversial classical conditioning experiment of an infant boy, given furry animals to see the effects of conditioning on the fear response (scared of loud noises when connected animals, became scared of seeing the animal)

Question 16

B.F. Skinner

Answer 16

founder of modern behavioral perspective, research of operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement (interested in consequences of behavior)

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (operant means active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences)

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

procedure in which reinforces gradually guide an anima’s actions towards a desired complex behavior (successive approximations, rewards to bring them closer to goal)

Question 19

Chaining

Answer 19

breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequences by itself

Question 20

Reinforcing Stimulus

Answer 20

reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows (happens each time behavior occurs, has the most effort and resources used)

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior, response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something (reward or praise for behavior)

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior, response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant (eliminating something painful or annoying to bring the behavior again)

Question 23

Token Reinforcer

Answer 23

reinforces are symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforces (can be exchanged for material reinforcers, services, or privileges otherwise the tokens are worthless)

Question 24

Punishing Stimulus

Answer 24

the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows (the timing of a consequence must be close to behavior so it’s effective)

Question 25

Postive Punishment

Answer 25

presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows (punishment by application)

Question 26

Negative Punishment

Answer 26

occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs (punishment by removal)

Question 27

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 27

desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs (desired behavior is typically learned quickly, most effective, creates a strong connection with response and behavior)

Question 28

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 28

Intermittent, the response is reinforced only part of the time (most effective when behavior is already established, less likely to disappear, various partial reinforcement)

Question 29

How many types of partial reinforcement

Answer 29

4

Question 30

Fixed

Answer 30

number of behavior or length of time intervals is constant

Question 31

Variable

Answer 31

number of behaviors or length of time intervals is varied

Question 32

Interval

Answer 32

based on time

Question 33

Ratio

Answer 33

amount of responses

Question 34

Fixed Ratio

Answer 34

response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses (builds a high response rate, irregular responding may cause it to stop)

Question 35

Variable Ratio

Answer 35

response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of response (rate of responding becomes constant, not effective to teach new behaviors)

Question 36

Fixed Interval

Answer 36

the first response is rewarded only after a specific amount of time has passed (tend to respond more frequently as the anticipated time for rewards comes closer, a choppy stop-start pattern instead of steady rate)

Question 37

Variable Interval

Answer 37

occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed (produces slow, steady responding, minimal pause after reinforcement is given)

Question 38

Observational Learning

Answer 38

the process of learning through watching others, retaining information, and then replicating the behaviors observed (referred as shaping, modeling, and vicarious reinforcement)

Question 39

Mirror Neurons

Answer 39

nervous system cells that fire both when an organism is doing a behavior and also when observing another organism doing the behavior (mirror what is happening, after repeated actions it can decrease and show desensitization)

Question 40

Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll

Answer 40

showed that young children would imitate the violence and aggressive actions of an adult (if adult was violent with no consequence then children would follow, if the adult was violent with consequence then children wouldn’t follow)

Question 41

Latent Learning

Answer 41

one can learn something but not show the behavior right away (learning can take place in an organism without the presence of a reinforcer, forms a cognitive map for mental representation to recall, acquire, and store information)

Question 42

Insight Learning

Answer 42

Wolfgang Kolher, a sudden realization of the problem’s solution that came to you like a “Light Bulb” (stimulus response conditioning alone is not responsible for behavior, some level of unobservable cognitive processes are at work)

Question 43

Premack Principle

Answer 43

a person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform a more desirable activity as a consequence (benefit to know what is desirable and not desirable for a person, motivated people to do activity if they know that their desired activity will follow as consequence)

Question 44

Learned Helplessness

Answer 44

a mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful, unpleasant, or aversive stimulus (helpless learn that regardless of actions, they have no ability to change the outcome)