ap pysch exam definition Flashcards
(414 cards)
1
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B.F. Skinner
A
Operant Conditioning, Schedules of Reinforcement
2
Q
Jean Piaget
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4 stages of child cognitive development
3
Q
Sigmund Freud
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Father of Psychoanalysis, Pscyhosexual Stages, Dream Analysis
4
Q
Albert Bandura
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Observational Learning, Social Learning Theory
5
Q
Abraham Maslow
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Human Motivation, Hierarchy of Needs, Self Actualization
6
Q
Ivan Pavlov
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Classical Conditioning
7
Q
Carl Rogers
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Humanistic Perspective, Client Centered Therapy
8
Q
Erik Erikson
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Psychosocial Development Stages
9
Q
William James
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Father of American Psychology Functionalism, James-Lange Theory of Emotion
10
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Structuralism, Father of Modern Psychology, First Psychology Experiment
11
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Types of Psychology: Evolutionary
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Mental processes exist because they serve an evoluntionary purpose, they aid in survival and reproduction
12
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Types of Psychology: Psychodynamic
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Empasizes behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences
13
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Types of Psychology: Cognitive
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Focuses on internal processes of the mind influencing behavior
14
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Types of Psychology: Biological
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The influence of genetics and brain chemistry (physical and biological processes)
15
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Types of Psychology: Sociocultural
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Focuses on society and culture in terms of our behavior and shaping cognition
16
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Types of Psychology: Behavioral
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Focus on observable behaviors, people/animals are controlled by their enviornment, positive/negative consequences
17
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Types of Psychology: Humanistic
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Human capacity for choice and growth, motivation for people to fulfill their potential
18
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Types of Psychology: Biopsychosocial
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Eclectic (Combining Approach), Links between genetics and environment
19
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Definitions: Psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
20
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Pyschology is a science
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due to the use of empirical evidence and the scientific method
21
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Psychology’s foundations are
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philosophy and physiology
22
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Definitions: Structuralism
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an early approach focused on the structure of the mind (Introspection (looking inward) Edward Titchener)
23
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Definitions: Functionalism
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focused on the purpose of the mind, developed by William james
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Definitions: Nature
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based on genetics
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Definitions: Nuture
based on environment
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Definitions: basic research
builds psychology's knowledge
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Definitions: applied research
application of existing knowledge in the real world
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Definitions: operational definition
a way of measuring or quantifying a variable
ex) variable: happiness
Operational definition: the number of smiles a person emits during an observation period of certain time
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Definitions: Replication
repeating an experiment with different particiants. This will determine if the results can be generalized to other participants and other situations
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Definitions: Case Study
examine one person or group in depth
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Definitions: Naturalistic Observation
describes behavior in its most natural state without interference or intervention
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Definitions: Survey
self report data, questions influenced by wording
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Definitions: Random Sampling
gives every member of a population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (random number)
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Definitions: Random Assignment
Randomly (by chance) assigning participants to the control group or the experimental group to help establish cause and effect. It would eliminate or reduce the impact of specific individual differences/confounding variables in a study
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Correlation is causation (T/F)
FALSE, correlations predict
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No correlation
equals 0, weaker
if closer to 1 then it'll be stronger
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Definitions: Independent Variable
the variable being manipulated
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Definitions: Dependent Variable
the outcome/measurement
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Definitions: Confounding Variable
a factor other than the factor being studied that might influenced a study's results
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Definitions: Experimental Group
the treatment group
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Definitions: Control Group
the comparison group
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Definitions: Placebo Effect
seems to be a "real" medical treatmnt, but itsn't
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Definitions: Single Blind Procedure
when participants don't know if they get the treatment or the placebo
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Definitions: Double Blind Procedure
when neither the researcher or partipants know who received the treatment or placebo
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Definitions: Descriptive Statistics
describes sets of data
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Definitions: Inferential Statistics
draw conclusions about the sets of data
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Definitions: Mean
average value (add all together and divide by amount of data)
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Definitions: Median
middle value of all the data
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Definitions: Mode
the most repeating data
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Definitions: Standard Deviation
how scores vary around the mean score
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Definitions: Statistical Significance
how likely that a result occurred by chance (p value less than 0.05)
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Definitions: American Psychological Association
APA, establishes ethic codes
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Definitions: Institutional Review Board
reviews proposals for research, approval is needed for experiment
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Definitions: Informed Consent
all subjects given necessary information to decide to participate in study, or not
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Definitions: Confidentiality
any data collected in the experiment should remain confidential
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Definitions: Debriefing
experimenter tells the subject more information about the study's purpose and procedures after the study is complete
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Lobs of the Brain: Frontal Lobe
executive function, higher level cognition
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Lobs of the Brain: Parietal Lobe
sensory information
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Lobs of the Brain: Occipital Lobe
Vision
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Lobs of the Brain: Temporal Lobe
Sense of hearing/meaningful speech
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Structure of Brain: Corpus Callosum
connects two hemispheres
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Structure of Brain: Medulla
controls life sustaining functions, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
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Structure of Brain: Cerebellium
controls coordination and voluntary movements
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Structure of Brain: Hypothalamus
responsible for releasing hormones (regulates homeostasis of the body)
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Structure of Brain: Hippocampus
formation of memories
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Structure of Brain: Amygdala
"Fear Center" processing emotions and survival responses
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Definition: Neuroplasticity
the brain's ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in brain
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Definition: Split Brain
the two hemispheres of the Brain can't communicate with each side
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Definition: Broca's Area
speech production
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Definition: Wernicke's Area
comprehension of speech
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Definition: Motor Cortex
voluntary movement
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Definition: Somatosensory Cortex
received and processed sensory information
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Definition: Central Nervous System
Brain and the spine
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Definition: Peripheral Nervous System
sensory nerves outside Brain/spinal cord
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Definition: Somatic Nervous System
voluntary movement from your brain to your muscles
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Definition: Autonomic Nervous System
involuntary and unconscious actions (breathing, blood pumping)
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Definition: Sympathetic Nervous System
emergency response system "fight or flight or freeze"
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Definition: Parasympathetic Nervous System
calm a person "rest and digest"
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Neuron: dendrites
received message
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Neuron: Soma
keep the neuron functional
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Neuron: Myelin Sheath
protect nerve/speed up message
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Neuron: Axon
carry messages
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Neuron: Axon Terminals
send signals
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Definition: Neural Transmission
information travels through a neuron electrochemically
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Definition: Action Potential
Firing, neuron sends information
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Definition: Resting Potential
neuron is charged and ready to fire
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Definition: All or None Principle
neuron fires at full strength or not at all
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Definition: Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
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Definition: Excitatory Neurotransmitters
cause neurons to fire
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Definition: Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
prevent neurons from firing
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Definition: Acetylcholine
movement and memory, excitatory
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Definition: Serotonin
mood, inhibitory
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Definition: Dopamine
pleasure chemical of the Brain, both excitatory and inhibitory
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Definition: Norepinephrine
response to danger "flight or fight" excitatory
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Definition: GABA
calms the central Nervous system, inhibitory
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Definition: Glutamate
thinking, memory, learning, excitatory
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Definition: Endorphins
relieve pain and stress, feelings of pleasure and euphoria, inhibitory
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Definition: Afferent Neuron
sensory neuron, sensory input to spinal cord into the brain
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Definition: Efferent Neuron
motor neurons, carry signals away from central Nervous system to initiate an action
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Definition: Interneuron
middleman between the Afferent and efferent neurons
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Definition: Endocrine System
glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones
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Definition: Pituitary Gland
Master Gland, controlled by the hypothalamus
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Definition: Identical twins
have the same DNA and fraternal twins have different DNA
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Definition: Heritability
extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes
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Sleep Cycle: Circadian Rhythm
24 hour cycle, body's internal biological clock
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Sleep Cycle: Electroencephalography (EEG)
test record electrical activity in the brain
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Sleep Cycle: REM Sleep
your dream sleep, it's called paradoxical sleep because brain waves are very active but muscles are paralyzed
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Psychoactive Drugs: Agonist
mimic neurotransmitters
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Psychoactive Drugs: Antagonist
block neurotransmitters
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Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
slow the activity of the central Nervous system
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Psychoactive Drugs: Alcohol
depresses the area of the brain that controls judgement and inhibition
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Definition: Transduction
the process of converting physical energy into electrical signals
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Definition: Bottom Up Processing
small details into big picture
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Definition: Top Down Processing
big picture into small details
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Definition: Absolute Threshold
the point where you notice that a stimulus is present
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Definition: Difference Threshold
the point where you can detect the difference between stimuli
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Definition: Sensory Adaptation
reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it
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Definition: Cocktail Party Effect
ability to focus on a particular sound while partial filtering out other sounds
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Definition: Inattentional Blindness
focus on one stimulus will lead to between blind to other stimuli (change Blindness means miss changes)
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Definition: Perceptual Set
predisposition to perceive things in a certain way (notice details while ignoring others)
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Definition: Rods
responsible for vision at low light levels
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Definition: Cones
vision at higher light levels and capable of color vision
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Definition: Blind Spot
area in the eye with no receptor cells
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Definition: Opponent Process Theory
repeated exposure to stimulus will cause less of an initial reaction and a strongr opposing reaction (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white)
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Definition: Binocular Cues
depth perception using two eyes
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Definition: Monocular Cues
depth perception using one eye
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Definition: Perceptual Organization
ways that humans organize information
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Definition: Figure Ground
ability to differentiate an object from its background
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Definition: Grouping
tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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Definition: Visual Cliff
laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants
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Definition: Shape and Size Constancies
we perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinas recieve changing images of them
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Definition: Sensorineural hearing loss
damage in your inner ear (tiny hair cells)
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Definition: Conduction hearing loss
anatomical structure in the ear block the passage of sound
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Definition: Cochlea
sound waves traveling through the cochlea fluid trigger nerve impulses
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Definition: Gate Control Theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain
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Definition: Kinesthesia
our movement sense
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Definition: Vestibular Sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
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Definition: Classical Conditioning
association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response
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Definition: Acquisition
the process of pairing the uncondition stimulus with the condition stimulus
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Definition: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
something that triggers a naturally occurring response
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Definition: Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly presented prior to the Unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the UCS`
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Definition: Unconditioned Response (UR)
naturally occurring response that follows the UCS
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Definition: Conditioned Response (CR)
the aquired response to the formerly neural stimulus
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Definition: Extinction
Conditioned response decreases or disappears (no longer paired with UCS)
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Definition: Spontaneous Recovery
return of previously extinct Conditioned response after rest period
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Definition: Stimulus Generalization
Conditioned stimulus may evokes similar responses after the response as been conditioned
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Definition: Stimulus Discrimination
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
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Defintion: Operant Conditioning
learning through rewards and punishment for behavior
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Defintion: Reinforcing Stimulus
strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
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Defintion: Positive Reinforcement
add something good, behavior increases as a result
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Defintion: Negative Reinforcement
remove something bad, behavior increases as result
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Defintion: Punishment Stimulus
presentation of an negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior
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Defintion: Positive Punishment
add something bad, behavior decreaes
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Defintion: Negative Punishment
remove something good, behavior decreases
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Defintion: Schedules of Reinforcement
timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced
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Defintion: Fixed Ratio
response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
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Defintion: Variable Ratio
response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
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Defintion: Fixed Interval
response is rewarded only after a specific amount of time has elapsed
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Defintion: Variable Interval
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
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Defintion: Observational Learning
process of watching other then later imitating the behaviors observed
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Defintion: Latent Learning
one can learn something but not show the behavior right away
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Defintion: Insight Learning
sudden realization of the problem's solution that "just came to you" (Kohler)
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Defintion: Learned Helplessness
organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman)
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Defintion: Prototype
mental image or the best example of a specific concept
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Defintion: Convergent Thinking
logic, focused on coming up with the single, well established answer to problem
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Defintion: Divergent Thinking
imagination, exploring many possible solutions, creativity
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Defintion: Trial and Error
trying a number of different solutions and ruling out those that do not work
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Defintion: Algorithms
set of step by step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem
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Defintion: Heuristics
educated guess based on prior experiences (mental shortcut)
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Defintion: Representative Heuristics
comparing present situation to most representative mental prototype
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Defintion: Availability Heuristic
decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind
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Defintion: Mental Set
people use solutions that have worked in the past
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Defintion: Functional Fixedness
view problems only in their usual manner
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Defintion: Overconfidence
tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill, or judgement
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Defintion: Hindsight Bias
I knew it all along view, events as more predictable than they really are
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Defintion: Framing
the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus
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Defintion: Alfred Binet
French psychologist invented first practical IQ test
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Defintion: g factor
general intelligence factor that underlies all intelligent activity (Charles spearman)
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Defintion: IQ equation
mental Age divided by chronological age times 100
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Defintion: Fluid Intelligence
ability to reason think flexibly (dimishes with adult aging)
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Defintion: Crystallized Intelligence
accumulation of knowledge, facts/skills that increases with age
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Defintion: Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences (8 distinct types)
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Defintion: Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS)
intelligence was made up a number of different mental abilities rather than a single general intelligence factor
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Defintion: Flynn Effect
IQ scores have been rising worldwide
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Defintion: Achievement Tests
designed to measure person's level of skill/knowledge in a specific area
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Defintion: Aptitude Tests
assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict
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Defintion: Reliability
consistency, tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
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Defintion: Test Retest Reliability
best for Intelligence, administering a test twice at two different points in time
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Defintion: Split Half Reliability
comparing the results of one half of a test with the results of the other half
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Defintion: Validity
the degree in which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
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Defintion: Content Validity
test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure
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Defintion: Predictive
test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure
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Defintion: Normal Distribution
bell shaped curve in which the majority of scores lie near or around the average score
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Defintion: Recall
being able to access the information without being cued (fill in blank test)
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Defintion: Recognition
identifying information after experincing it again (mulitple choice test)
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Defintion: Relearning
the process by which we learn something for the second time, usually faster than the first
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Defintion: Encoding
the process of putting information into the memory system
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Defintion: Storage
the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
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Defintion: Retrieval
the calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed
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Defintion: Iconic Memory
visual
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Defintion: Echoic Memory
auditory
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Defintion: Haptic Memory
touch
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Defintion: Maintenance Rehearsal
straight repeating of information in order to memorize it
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Defintion: Chunking
process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and Grouping them into larger units
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Defintion: Working Memory
system in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process
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Defintion: Implict "Unconscious" Memory
information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
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Defintion: Procedural Memories
how to perform a specific task
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Defintion: Explicit Concious Memory
information that you have to consciously work to remember
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Defintion: Semantic Memory
Facts, memories of concepts, names, and other knowledge
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Defintion: Episodic Memory
Events, long term memory that involves the recollection of a specific event, situation, and experiences
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Defintion: Prospective Memory
remembering to complete a task in the future
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Defintion: Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron (Kandel and Schwartz)
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Definition: Forgetting Curve
the exponential loss of information shortly after learning it (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
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Definition: Types of Amnesia
full or partial loss of memory
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Types of Amnesia: Retrograde Amnesia
cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia
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Types of Amnesia: Anterograde Amnesia
condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia inducing event
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Types of Amnesia: Serial Position Effect
when we try to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words and first words best, Forgetting the middle
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Types of Amnesia: Encoding Failure
occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)
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Definition: Proactive (past) Interference
old memories interfere with the Retrieval of newer memories
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Definition: Retroactive (recent) interference
newer memories interfere with the Retrieval of older memories
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Definition: Flashbulb Memory
vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
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Definition: Elizabeth Loftus
1944, extensive research on memory construction and false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate
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Definition: Misinformation effect
exposed to misleading information we tend to misremember
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Definition: Method of Loci
association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
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Definition: Context Dependent Memory
easier recall of information while in the same context of environment in which it was acquired
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Definition: State Dependent Memory
memories that are triggered enhanced by a person's current mood because of the relationship to memories formed when you were in a similar state
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Definition: Longitudinal
study follows the same group of people over time from months to years in order to evaluate changes in individuals
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Definition: Cross Sectional
type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time
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Definition: Cross Sequential
individuals in a cross sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time
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Definition: Generativity
contribute to the next generation
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Definition: Stagnation
little connection to others
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Definition: Ego Integrity
sense of satisfaction while reflecting on life
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Definition: Despair
sense of failure
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Definition: Teratogen
any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at expsoures that commonly occur
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Definition: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
FAS, includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy
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Definition: Maturation
genetic growth tendencies are Inborn, determined by genetic makeup
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Definition: Harry Harlow
psychologist, conducted studies of attachment and the importance of contact comfort
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Definition: Secure Attachment
infants explore, display higher stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to caregiver
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Definition: Avoidant (insecure) Attachment
infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver
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Definition: Anxious Ambivalent Attachment
unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver
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Definition: Authoritarian
restrictive parenting style, allows for little discussion or explanation for the firm controls placed on the child
242
Definition: Permissive Parenting
style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting (more like friend than parent)
243
Definition: Authoritative Parenting
style that is child centered, in that parents closely interact with their child, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as firm adherence to schedules and discipline
244
Definition: Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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Definition: Accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Definition: Sensorimotor Stage
birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn about the world
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Definition: Object Permanence
a child's ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight
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Definition: Preoperational Stage
the stage during which a child learns to use a language (2 to 7)
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Definition: Babbling Stage
beginning at 4 months, vocalizes various sounds
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Definition: One Word Stage
Ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words
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Definition: Egocentrism
inability on the part of a child in the Preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own
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Definition: Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remains the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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Definition: Concrete Opeerational Stage
(6 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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Definition: Formal Operational Stage
(12 years) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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Definition: Lev Vygotsky
developed a theory of how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment
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Definition: Zone of Proximal Development
ZPD, range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more skilled children
257
Definition: Scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learned, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
258
Definition: Gender Identity
the individual's sense psychological of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations
259
Definition: Gender Roles
set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender
260
Definition: Synaptic Pruning
selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)
261
Definition: Adolescent Egocentrism
heightened self consciousness belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability
262
Definition: Instinct Theory
the evolutionary perspective, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily/genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts
263
Definition: Incentive Theory
we are pulled into action by (positive or negative) outside incentives
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Definition: Yerkes Dodson Law
increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes
265
Definition: Maslow's Heriarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
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Definition: Self efficacy
a person's belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation
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Definition: Hypothalamus
most of the biological feeling of hunger comes from this brain structure
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Definition: Lateral hypothalamus
hungry, the on button for eating. If stimulated causes you to feel hunger
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Definition: Ventromedial hypothalamus
full, the off button for eating. When stimulated, makes you feel full
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Definition: Intrinsic Motivation
behavior that is drived by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
271
Definition: Extrinsic Motivation
behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise
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Definition: Over justification Effect
phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action
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Definition: Approach Approach Conflict
conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals
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Definition: Avoidance Avoidance Conflict
making a decision between two equally undesirable choices
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Definition: Approach Avoidance Conflict
conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences
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Definition: Sexual Response Cycle
William masters and virginia Johnson, 1966, stages humans go through during interaction
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Definition: Display Rule
a social group or culture's informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions
278
Definition: Common Sense Theory
theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the Autonomic Nervous system
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Definition: James Lange Theory
emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
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Definition: Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions
281
Definition: Cannon Bard Theory of Emotions
suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other
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Definition: Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory
the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
283
Definition: Distress
occurs when people experiences unpleasant and undesirable stressors
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Definition: General Adaptation Syndrome
researched by Hans selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
285
Definition: Locus of Control
refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
286
Definition: Internal Locus of Control
you believe that you have control over what happens
287
Definition: External Locus of Control
blame outside forces for their circumstances
288
Definition: Psychoanalytic Theories
sigmund freud developed theory of personality development
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Definition: Id
part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification (pleasure principle)
290
Definition: Ego
the largely conscious, executive, part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality (reality principle)
291
Definition: Superego
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations (morality principle)
292
Definition: Defense Mechanisms
freud proposed that the ego protects itself with tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by disorting reality
293
Defense Mechanisms: Repression
Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
294
Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
involved taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
295
Defense Mechanisms: Projection
involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
296
Defense Mechanisms: Regression
when confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
297
Defense Mechanisms: Denial
functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
298
Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization
involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
299
Defense Mechanisms: Reaction-Formation
reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
300
Definition: Carl Jung
thought all people shared a collective unconscious. Common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral and evolutionary past
301
Definition: Alfred Adler
people compensate for inferiority complexes based on inadequacies
302
Definition: Karen Horney
feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory
303
Definition: Thematic Apperception Test
projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambigous scenes
304
Definition: Rorschach Inkblot Test
hermann rorschach, the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, during the test participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like
305
Definition: Reciprocal Determinism
albert bandura proposed that the person, enviornment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality
306
Definition: Raymond Cattel's 16 Traits
16 traits are the source of all human personality
307
Definition: Factor analysis
he identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits
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Definition: the Big Five Personality Factors
model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits
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Big Five Personality Factors: Openness
to experience, tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors
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Big Five Personality Factors: conscientiousness
tendency to be careful, on time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking
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Big Five Personality Factors: Extraversion
tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others
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Big Five Personality Factors: Agreeableness
tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one's own opinions and choices
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Big Five Personality Factors: Neuroticism
tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
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Definition: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2
(MMPI-2) the most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
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Definition: Myers Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI) self report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences (not always reliable and valid)
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Definition: Conformity
the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms
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Definition: Normative Influence "Social Norm"
influence that produces Conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
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Definition: Stanley Milgram
1963, measured the willingness to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscious
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Definition: Social Facilitation
a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
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Definition: Social Inhibition
performance is poorer when watched by others
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Definition: Social Loading
tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
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Definition: Deindividuation
the loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
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Definition: Group Polarization
the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group dicussions
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Definition: Groupthink
a group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
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Definition: Prejudice
prejudgements, unjustified negative attitude about a group of people based on their membership in the group
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Definition: Discrimination
unjustified negative behavior towards members of a target group (individual level) based on their race, ethnicity, or other shared characteristics
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Definition: Stereotype Threat
a situation in which people feel at risk of performing as their group is expected to perform
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Definition: In Groups
groups that we Identity with us or see ourselves as belonging into
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Definition: Out Groups
social groups with whom a person does not identify, them
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Definition: The Frustration Aggression Principle
the idea that people become aggressive when they're frustrated by being blocked from reaching a goal
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Definition: Bystander Effect
phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress (diffusion of responsibility)
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Definition: Altruism
the unselfish concern for other people, doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel obligated to
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Definition: Social Exchange Theory
argues that Altruism only exists when the benefits out weight the costs (when your behavior helps you even more than it helps the other person)
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Definition: Reciprocity
social expectations in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us
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Definition: Social Responsibilty Norms
societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if they may not repay us
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Definition: Social Dilemma
a situation in which a self interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone
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Definition: Familiarity "mere exposure effect"
liking someone occurs because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing
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Definition: Proximity
the closer together people are physically, the more likely they are to form a relationship/friendship
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Definition: Fundamental Attribution Error
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of dispotional (personal) factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did
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Definition: Self Serving Bias
tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give ourselves credit when good things happen
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Definition: Actor Observer Bias
tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes
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Definition: False Consensus Effect
tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with us
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Definition: Just World Phenomenon
tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
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Definition: Self Fulfilling Prophecy
prediction that causes itself to come true due to the simple fact that the predicition was made
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Definition: Central Route of Persuasion
the process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its agruments
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Definition: Peripheral Route of Persuasion
the process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues
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Definition: Foot in the Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Definition: Door in the Face Technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment and getting agreement
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Definition: Cognitive Dissonance
Leon festinger 1957, sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes
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Definition: Psychologist
can't prescribe meds, supports people through psychotherapy
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Definition: Psychiatrist
can prescribe meds, identify disorders/diagnose, generally works inside hospitals
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Definition: Abnormal Behavior Defined as
Deviant, Distressing, Dysfunctional, Dangerous
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Definition: Deinstitutionalization
when better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from mental hospitals
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Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD, experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything
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Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder
anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
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Anxiety Disorders: Specific Phobia
intense irrational fear responses to specific stimuli
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Anxiety Disorders: Agoraphobia
afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic like or emabarrassing symptoms were to occur
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Anxiety Disorders: Obesessive Compulsive Disorder
OCD, compound disorder of thought and behavior
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Anxiety Disorders: Obsessions
are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his mind
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Anxiety Disorders: Compulsions
are ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly
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Anxiety Disorders: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD, results of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event
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Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder
mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania
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Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder
involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for minimum of 2 weeks
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Personality Disorders: Paranoid Personality Disorder "Accusatory"
pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people's motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm
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Personality Disorders: Schizoid Personality Disorder "Aloof"
characterized by persistent Avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
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Personality Disorders: Schizotypal Personality Disorder "Awkward"
characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving and behavioral eccentricities
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Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder
APD, characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)
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Personality Disorders: Borderline Personality Disorder
characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and mood and by impulsive behavior
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Personality Disorders: Histrionic Personality Disorder
characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking
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Personality Disorders: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
characterized by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
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Personality Disorders: Avoidant Personality Disorder
characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation
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Personality Disorders: Dependent Personality Disorder
characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of
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Personality Disorders: Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, Openness, and efficiency
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD, disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior or both
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD, disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities
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Neurocognitive Disorders: Alzheimer's Disease
fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions
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Eating and Feeding Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
life threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one's weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake
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Eating and Feeding Disorders: Body dysmorphia
increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary
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Eating and Feeding Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa
recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging
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Eating and Feeding Disorders: Binge Eating Disorder
uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time, after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt
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Somatic Disorders: Somatic Symptom Disorder
SDD, characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease
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Somatic Disorders: less Anxiety Disorder
IAD, characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (Somatic) symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months
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Somatic Disorders: Conversion Disorder
characterized by loss of some bodily function without physcial damage to the affected organs or their neural connection
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Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia
loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember
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Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder
DID, rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person's behavior
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Dissociative Disorders: Schizophrenia
psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities
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Dissociative Disorders: Dopamine Hypothesis
high fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms
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Exposure Treatment: Flooding
exposing people to fear invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly
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Exposure Treatment: Systematic Desensitization
developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears
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Exposure Treatment: Aversion Therapy
pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced
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Exposure Treatment: Token Economy
behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items
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Definition: Biofeedback
mind body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions
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Definition: Cognitive Behavioral Therapists
human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes, and thinking
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Definition: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
REBT, developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful
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Definition: Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy
researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion), and how we act (behavior) all interact together
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Definition: Psychoanalysis
the primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client's psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension
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Definition: Free Association
the client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorships)
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Definition: Resistance "Mental Blocks"
the patient's conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)
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Definition: Transference
the process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist
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Definition: Unconditional Positive
regard, allow client to steer the direction of the therapy, clients have value
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Definition: Active listening
therapist listens to client, paraphrasing what the client says, prevents advice or judgements
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Biomedical Therapy: Anti depressant Drugs
elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression
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Biomedical Therapy: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
SSRI, blocks the Reuptake of serotonin
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Biomedical Therapy: Electroconvulsive Therapy
ECT, a biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead
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Definition: Operational Definition
how we (the researcher) decides to measure the variables in our study, helps to replicate the study
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Definition: Milgram Experiment
conducted by Stanley Milgram. found a big majority of participants were willing to obey an authority figure even if they were instructed to do something they believed was morally wrong
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Definition: Little Albert Experiment
conducted by John B Watson, demonstrated the generalization of learning experiences in children. first study to show fear responses could be learned and generalized to similar objects
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Definition: Stanford Prison Experiment
conducted by Phlip Zimbardo, controversial, investigated the psychological effects of being a prisoner of prison guard
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Definition: Bobo Doll Experiment
conducted by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory where behaviors are learned socially by observing and imitating others, children would replicate aggressive behavior seen by adults
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Definition: Asch Conformity Study
conducted by Solomon Asch, investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform
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Definition: Pavlov's Dog Experiment
conducted by Ivan Pavlov, conditioned dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a bell, then showing food with the bell. Giving the dog to salivate every time it hears a bell
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Definition: Surrogate Mother Experiment
conducted by Harry Harlow, showed importance of contact comfort, baby monkeys were separated from their mothers and given a wired and clothed surrogate, they would cling to the cloth even if food was with the wired one
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Definition: Skinner Box
conducted by BF Skinner, showed how behavior can be reinforced to be repeated or weakened to be extinguished. Used schedules of reinforcement to see how fast animals would respond to learning when placed in a box
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Definition: The Misinformation Effect
conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, participants were shown video footage of a traffic accident, then asked questions. changed the wording in question, lead to how they recall different information when given a suggestion to do so
