APES Chap 9-11 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
E.O. Wilson
A
inherent affinity for the natural world biophilia
2
Q
adaptative radiation
A
when new species rapidly evolve to fill open niches after a mass extinction
3
Q
__% of today’s food crops were domesticated from wild tropical plants
A
90
4
Q
__% of the world’s population relies on plants or plant extracts for medicines
A
80
5
Q
_________ species per day become extinct
A
50-200
6
Q
The background rate of extinction should be __ species per year
A
30
7
Q
ecological extinction
A
there are so few members of a species left that they can no longer fill their ecological role / niche (ex they only exist in zoos)
8
Q
biological extinction
A
normal extinction
9
Q
local extinction
A
when a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world
10
Q
endangered species
A
so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct
11
Q
threatened species
A
still abundant in its natural range but is declining in numbers and is approaching becoming endangered
12
Q
ecosystem approach
A
aims to preserve balanced populations of species in their native habitats, establish protected areas, and reduce nonnative species
13
Q
species approach
A
based on protecting endangered species by identifying them, giving them legal protection, preserving their habitats, and propagating and reintroducing them
14
Q
wildlife management approach
A
manages game species for sustained yield
15
Q
IUCN
A
International Union for Conservation of Nature, created the Red List
16
Q
Red List
A
the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the most comprehensive assessment of species’ status
17
Q
CITES
A
Signed by 183 countries, lists 38,700 species that can’t be traded because they are endangered or threatened
18
Q
US Endangered Species Act of 1973
A
one of the world’s toughest environmental laws, authorizes the National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service to identify and list endangered and threatened species. Amended in 1978, 1982, 1988, and 2004. The amendment in 2004 actually weakened it by letting the Department of Defense bypass it
19
Q
Bald Eagle
A
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, recovered enough to be removed from the list in 2007, put in captive breeding programs
20
Q
Whooping crane
A
Grus americana, low point was 54 individuals, very much in peril, 5 of them were killed off at once a couple years ago
21
Q
California Condor
A
Gymnogyps californianus most expensive species conservation project in US history, important scavenger bird, put in captive breeding programs
22
Q
Florida manatee
A
Trichechus manatus latirostris, recently moved from endangered to threatened, mostly threatened by boats
23
Q
flyways
A
north-south migration routes of birds, no solar/wind farms are allowed on their path
24
Q
examples of invasive species
A
zebra mussel, kudzu vine, lionfish, Burmese python
25
kudzu vine
brought on purpose to prevent erosion because it grows so fast, but turns out that it grows too fast
26
lionfish
because it is invasive restaurants are trying to create a market for it
27
Burmese python
invasive, apex predator of Florida everglades
28
HIPPCO
Habitat loss, Invasive species, Population growth of humans, pollution, climate change, overexploitation
29
Ecosystem services
natural services that support life on earth and are essential to the quality of human life and functioning of the world's economies, provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural
30
provisioning ecosystem services
food, water, medicines, raw materials
31
regulating ecosystem services
pollination, water purification, pest control
32
supporting ecosystem services
species habitats, genetic diversity
33
cultural ecosystem services
recreation, intellectual development, tourism
34
__% of US lands are set aside for public use, enjoyment, and wildlife
42
35
__% of the US land set aside for public use is found in _______
73, Alaska
36
Multiple use lands
national forest system and national resource lands, can be used in many different ways (ex hiking, cutting down trees, fishing, hunting, etc)
37
National forest system principles
sustainable yield and multiple use
38
principle of sustainable yield
renewable resources should not be harvested faster than they are replenished
39
principle of multiple use
land should be used simultaneously for a variety of uses
40
Old growth forests
uncut forests or regenerated forests that haven't been seriously disturbed for at least several hundred years, super old, VERY important to sustain because they have high biodiversity
41
Second growth forests
stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession after cutting
42
Forests provide...
lumber for housing, biomass for fuel, pulp for paper, medicines
43
Worldwide, __% of the timber cut down each year is used for _______ and ______
55, heating, cooking
44
_______ is the world's largest per capital importer of wood products. _______ is the largest overall importer
The United States, China
45
Forest ecosystem services
influence climate (50-80% of atmospheric water vapor comes from trees via transpiration and evaporation), filter and regulate flow of water (also causes less erosion), carbon cycle (forests take up 90% of atmospheric carbon dioxide during transpiration), and provide habitats
46
primary causes of tropical deforestation
population growth, poverty, and government policies
47
The loss and degradation of remaining tropical forests is ______ square miles per year
46,000
48
secondary causes of tropical deforestation
roads, logging, farming, ranching, flooding from dams, mining, and oil drilling
49
even-aged forest management
industrial forestry, when trees are planted and maintained at about the same age and size using monoculture techniques to be harvested simultaneously, makes the most money with the least effort
50
uneven-aged management
involves the planting of a variety of tree species at many ages for multiple uses, increases the biodiversity and creates a more stable environment
51
selective cutting
mature trees are cut singularly or in groups, creating gaps no bigger than the height of standing trees, involves high grading
52
high grading
the selective cutting of the most valuable trees
53
Shelterwood cutting
removes all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of 10 years, doesn't cut down all the trees at one time
54
seed-tree cutting
harvests nearly all of a stand's trees in one cutting, leaving a few uniformly distributed seed-producing trees to regenerate the stand
55
Clear-cutting
the removal of all trees from an area in a single cutting, which is economically advantageous
56
strip-cutting
clear-cutting trees but leaving a corridor of uncut trees so that they will regenerate naturally
57
whole-tree harvesting
cutting trees at the ground level or uprooting entire trees to be placed in a chipping machine for use as pulpwood or fuelwood chips
58
Tree harvesting methods from best to worst
selective cutting, shelterwood cutting, seed tree cutting, strip cutting, clear cutting
59
surface fires
usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor, trees are unharmed
60
crown fires
may start on the ground but eventually burn whole trees and leap from treetop to treetop, happens when too much leaf litter accumlates
61
prescribed burning
setting controlled ground fires to prevent buildup of flammable material
62
pre suppression
early detection and control of fires, ex a fire in your backyard or a spark you just put out
63
suppression
fighting fires once they have already started
64
approaches to protecting forests from fires
prevention, prescribed, pre suppression, suppression
65
Sustainable forest management
recycling more paper to reduce the harvest of pulpwood, practicing selective cutting, minimizing fragmentation of larger blocks of forest (don't cut down land in the middle of a forest, instead cut the edges), minimizing soil erosion and compaction from roads, ban clear-cutting, leaving dead trees and fallen timber to maintain diverse wildlife habitats, include ecological and recreational services when determining economic value
66
After _____, the ecosystem most widely used and altered by humans are _____
forests, grasslands
67
ecological services provided by grasslands
soil formation, erosion control, nutrient cycling, storage of atmospheric CO2, biodiversity maintenance (but not as much as forests)
68
grasslands are really good at...
soil formation, they have the greatest accumulation of soil so they are often used for agriculture
69
rangelands
unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply forage for grazing and browsing animals, could be private or public
70
grazing
grass-eating
71
browsing
shrub-eating
72
overgrazing
happens when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area, leads to soil erosion and compaction
73
ecosystem approach
encourages the protection of habitats and ecosystem services through a four point plan
1. Map global ecosystems and create an inventory of the species within and ecosystem services provided
2. protect the most endangered ecosystems and species
3. restore degraded ecosystems
4. encourage biodiversity-friendly development
74
threats to marine species
overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction and degradation
75
_________ aquatic species are more at risk, __-__% are threatened with extinction
freshwater, 33, 50, happens because humans are generally closer to freshwater than marine water
76
half of the world's ________ have disappeared since 1800
coastal wetlands
77
__% of coral reefs could be gone by 2050 due to...
70, increasing ocean temperature, ocean acidification, sediment runoff, and overfishing
78
Benthic habitat destruction
habitats the combined size of Brazil and India are being disturbed or destroyed by trawling and dredging every year (150 times larger than annual forest clear cut), happens more because humans can't see the impact they're having
79
__% of the world's large rivers are strongly or moderately fragmented by...
60, dams, diversions, or canals, means that fish can't migrate as easily
80
Reasons for overfishing
tragedy of the commons, bycatch, trawling, drift nets, and longlines
81
__% of marine pollution comes from ______
80, land runoff
82
Ocean acidification
happens because the oceans are a carbon sink, taking in CO2, which dissolves calcium carbonate from shells and causes coral bleaching
83
Florida Everglades
have lost biodiversity due to water diversion (a lot of water from the everglades is used to irrigate nearby farms), development, agricultural runoff, and the Burmese python (they have a lack of small animals)
84
The Great Lakes
have experienced biodiversity loss due to the zebra mussel and sea lamprey
85
Lake Victoria
in east Africa, largest freshwater lake, has experienced biodiversity loss due to the Nile Perch, agricultural runoff, and overfishing
86
ways to protect and sustain waterways
use comprehensive land-use planning (environmental land use plan), prevent and control invasion of exotic species, minimize disruption of water flow (choose most effective irrigation methods, avoid fragmentation), protecting and creating spawning sites
87
Methods for using fisheries more sustainably (7)
fishery regulations, reduce or eliminate subsidies, reduce bycatch levels, establish no fishing MPAs, reduce invasions by exotic species, use labels that allow consumers to identify if their fish have been harvested sustainably, restrict the locations of fish farms to reduce damage to coastal environments
88
most fisheries are in the neritic zone because...
inshore waters have much higher productivity, shallow waters are much more accessible, and deep waters can't sustain large fish populations
89
the largest catches of fish occur...
in Northwest Europe, Western South Africa, and Japan
90
______, _______, and ______ account for the largest tonnage of fishes
herrings, sardines, and anchovies, account for almost half the catch
91
maximum sustainable yield
largest number of fishes that can be harvested year after year without diminishing the stocks
92
over __% of the world's fisheries are overexploited
80
93
the global fishing fleet is __% larger than needed to catch what the oceans can sustainably produce
250
94
Magnuson-Stevens Act
1976, presents the principle of optimum yield
95
optimum yield
maximum sustainable yield modified by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factors (lets try to do sustainable yield, but really economics are more important)
96
Shrimp industry bycatch
up to 10 pounds of bycatch are discarded for every pound of shrimp caught
97
ghost fishing
how lost nets or traps continue to capture and kill fish
98
in the North Pacific, there is a daily loss rate of __% of nets
20
99
aquaculture
the rearing of selected aquatic plants and animals under controlled conditions to increase the amount of food available to humans, efficient growing method for food production but can lead to water pollution and disease
100
marine aquaculture is called...
mariculture
101
fish farming
cultivating fish in a controlled environment, growing them to eat, usually done in natural waters, concentrated high number of fish, get diseased easily, produce a lot of unmanaged waste
102
fish ranching
holding anadromous species (live part of their lives in fresh water and part in salt water) in captivity and releasing them so that they can go live in salt water, and then harvesting them once they come back to the freshwater
103
purse-seine net
circle net that pulls fish up from behind the boat
104
drift net
drags through water, very often catches bycatch and a lot of nets get lost
105
long-line fishing
put out a line full of hooks, wait, and then come back and harvest, lots of lines get lost and continue to ghost fish
106
trowler
drags behind a boat, absolutely huge, very efficient, swipes along floor picking up benthos
