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APES Test 14-16 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

core

A

earth’s innermost zone, mostly made of iron

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2
Q

mantle

A

surrounds the core, rich in iron, silicon, oxygen, and magnesim

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3
Q

crust

A

outermost and thinnest zone of the earth

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4
Q

lithosphere

A

earth’s crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle

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5
Q

the lithosphere floats and rides on top of the ______

A

aesthenosphere

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6
Q

plate tectonics

A

the movement of lithospheric plates on top of the aesthenosphere

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7
Q

diverging plate boundaries

A

plates are moving apart, occurs at mid-ocean ridges

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8
Q

converging plate boundaries

A

the plates move together

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9
Q

energy efficiency

A

the percentage of total energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system

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10
Q

in the US, __% of all commercial energy is wasted (about half of which is due to…)

A

84, degradation of quality imposed by the second law of energy

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11
Q

why is reducing energy waste important (6)

A

Makes nonrenewable fossil fuels last longer, decreases dependence on oil imports, increases competitiveness in the international marketplace, reduces local and global environmental damage, slows global warming, saves money

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12
Q

Passive solar heating

A

the heating of buildings directly by orienting energy-efficient windows toward the south (in the northern hemisphere) (light shining in heats/lights places, ex a cat going to sit on the spot of the carpet that is in the sun because it is warm)

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13
Q

Active Solar Heating

A

involves the use of solar collectors (converts solar energy into heat energy) or solar sells (converts solar energy into electrical energy) (generating an electrical current)

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14
Q

hydrogen fuel cell

A

up and coming, water can be split by electricity to produce gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen gas is the simplest chemical fuel, and it doesn’t produce carbon dioxide like fossil fuels. The use of solar energy to produce hydrogen gas for fuel is an important focus for future fuels, however currently the process is much more expensive than fossil fuels

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15
Q

Hydroelectric energy

A

uses the power of falling water to turn turbines, providing electricity, dams provide the vertical distance for hydroelectric power, and disrupt the river ecosystem (although not every dam is used for hydroelectric energy). Other hydroelectric sources include tidal energy (bay of fundi?), wave energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion, we have pretty much maxed this out

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16
Q

Wind energy

A

indirect form of solar energy, the sun heats the earth unevenly, creating atmospheric movements of air, a windmill converts the mechanical energy of the wind to spin the turbine connected to an electric generator (Baja peninsula?)

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17
Q

Biomass Energy

A

Promising examples of biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel, solid biomass (ex wood, charcoal) is a renewable resource, but burning it faster than it is replenished produces a net gain in greenhouse gases, liquid biofuels derived from biomass can be used in place of conventional fossil fuels

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18
Q

ethanol

A

made from fermentation of plant sugars

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19
Q

biodisel

A

made from vegetable oil

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20
Q

Geothermal Energy

A

While renewable, the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited are limited (have to have magma, aka divergent of convergent boundary), geothermal energy is harnessed by using heat from within the Earth to drive electrical generators, Japan

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21
Q

three major goals are suggested to attain a sustainable energy future

A

improve energy efficiency, use more renewable energy, reduce pollution and health risk

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22
Q

improving energy efficiency (6)

A

increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicles, buildings, and appliances, mandate government purchases of efficient products, provide tax credits for buying efficient products, reward utilities for reducing demand, increase efficiency research and development, cogeneration (using a fuel source to generate both electricity and useful heat)

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23
Q

use more renewable energy (3)

A

provide subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy, encourage government purchase of renewable energy products, increase renewable energy research and development

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24
Q

reduce pollution and health risk

A

cut coal use and phase out coal subsidies, levy taxes on coal and oil use, phase out nuclear power and nuclear power subsidies

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25
The US is the world's _____ largest energy consumer (behind ____) and the ___ largest energy user per capita
second, china, eighth
26
nonrenewable resources
cannot be replace, at least not within a human lifetime, ex fossil fuels (coal, oil), nuclear (uranium
27
Renewable energy resources
continually replaced, ex solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass
28
fossil fuels
created by the decay and compression of organisms that lived millions of years ago
29
oil (petroleum)
currently provides 36% of the world's energy, will be exhausted in 40-90 years at the current rate of consumption, the only countries that have not already hit peak oil production are in the Middle East, untapped resources of unknown amounts exist under the Arctic Ocean, alternative oil sources, like shale oil and tar sands, are increasing marketshare over traditional petroleum sources
30
primary oil recovery
involves drilling a well and pumping out the oil that flows by gravity into the bottom of the well
31
secondary oil recovery
occurs when water is injected into nearby wells to force some of the remaining heavy oil to the surface
32
tertiary (enhanced) oil recovery
involves the injection of steam or CO2 to force some of the remaining heavy oil into the well cavity
33
OPEC
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls 70-80% of the world's proven crude oil resources, thirteen countries (notable ones are the Middle East, Venezuela, Indonesia)
34
Oil shale
fine grained rock that contains a solid, waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds called kerogen. The kerogen can be isolated to form shale oil. There are large supplies of shale oil, but it is much more expensive to process
35
Tar sand
contains bitumen (a high-sulfer heavy oil). Tar sand is plentiful, but expensive
36
oil alternatives
shale oil and tar sand, often takes more energy to process than the energy you get in return
37
coal provides __% of the world's energy and will last about 100 years at the current consumption rate
27, 100
38
coal is the _____ fossil fuel to burn, and it generates almost __% of the world's electricity
dirtiest, 40
39
about __% of the world's coal reserves are in the US, followed by Russia, with __%
25, 15
40
stages of coal formation
peat (not a coal), lignite (brown coal), bituminous (soft coal), anthracite (hard coal), first three stages are sedimentary, forth is metamorphic, as you go down the stages you get cleaner and more efficient
41
peat
1, not a coal, partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs, almost rock-like, kind of mulch texture
42
lignite
2, has a low heat content
43
Bituminous coal
3, most of the coal in North America, soft coal, extensively used because of its high heat content but it has high sulfur content and therefore doesn't burn clean, default coal
44
anthracite
hard coal, the most desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content but supplies are limited, costly, rare
45
natural gas
a mixture of 50-90% methane (CH4) with the remaining volume consisting of heavier gaseous hydrocarbons, natural gas use has risen to provide 23% of the world's energy, primarily due to increased fracking in the United States, the world supply of natural gas should last about 200 years, a little bit better than coal but still bad
46
hydraulic fracturing / fracking
a means of natural gas extraction. once a well is drilled, millions of gallons of water sand and chemicals are injected under high pressure. The pressure fractures the shale and props open fissures that enable natural gas to flow more freely out of the well, creates earthquakes, resulted in extensive groundwater contamination and the release of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) into the air
47
Halliburton Loophole
US Energy Bill of 2005, exempts natural gas drilling from the safe drinking water act of 1974
48
slipping agents
chemicals added to water that help fracking be more efficient, secret, when fracking accidentally drills into groundwater the slipping agents and gas contaminate it causing some people's tap water to light on fire
49
Fracking in NC
as of May 2011, the NC senate cleared the way for hydraulic fracturing in NC, including Chatham County, which is where Jordan Lake (Cary's water source) is
50
Advantages of natural gas over other nonrenewable resources
cheaper than oil and easier to process (and cleaner), easy to transport (by pipeline), higher net energy yield (burns hotter), combustion produces less air pollution than any other nonrenewable resource
51
disadvantages of natural gas (3)
must be converted to liquid before tanker transport (expensive and dangerous), leaks into the atmosphere, the process of fracking is extremely dangerous to both groundwater and air quality
52
Nuclear Fission
Fission of Uranium-235 provides about 20% of the electricity used in the US from 61 plants (although all these plants are old because we haven't made new ones since the 80s)
53
World leaders in nuclear fission
France is first, getting 75% of its energy from nuclear, although the US prods more total power from nuclear power
54
advantages of nuclear power
no emission of air pollution (although it does produce water vapor, which is technically a greenhouse gas), water pollution and land disruption are minimal
55
disadvantages of nuclear power
potential reactor meltdown, radioactive waste disposal, currently more expensive than fossil fuels
56
Three Mile Island
Middletown, Pennsylvania, US, most significant nuclear accident in US history. On March 28, 1979 this reactor suffered a partial meltdown. No direct injuries or deaths resulted, but it caused sweeping changes by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission along with a loss of confidence in nuclear energy
57
Chernobyl
USSR, April 25, 2986, most severe nuclear disaster in world history, 56 fatalities, 7 million people considered as "Chernobyl victims," primary consequence of radiation exposure is cancer
58
Fukushima
Japan, March 11, 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami led to the meltdown and release of radioactive material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in Japan, the long-term effects of this disaster are yet to be seen
59
Nuclear Fusion
Occurs when lightweight atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, most often hydrogen and helium, really good source of energy except for the fact that the nuclei must be maintained at very high concentrations, be properly confined, and achieve temperatures of 100,000,000 degrees celsius
60
tranform faults
plates move in opposite parallel directions
61
natural hazards caused by tectonic plates
earthquakes or volcanoes
62
earthquakes
vibrations in the earth's crust caused by sudden shifts along a fault, cause seismic waves and aftershocks
63
P waves
primary waves, travel through liquids, solids, and gases
64
S waves
secondary waves, travel only through solids and are slower than P waves
65
L waves
____ waves? slowest, occur when P and S waves meet the surface
66
aftershocks
tremors caused as seismic waves travel outward from an earthquake
67
volcanism
any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the earth's surface
68
major volcanic zones
subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, hot spots, and the ring of fire
69
volcanoes
erupt because magma under pressure at high temperatures causes the magma above to be pushed towards the surface and out of the vent (opening of the volcano), once the magma hits the surface it becomes lava and begins to harden
70
crater
the funnel shaped pit at the top of the volcanic vent
71
caldera
occurs when the magma chamber below collapses, creating a basin shaped depression
72
mineral
an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid
73
rock
any material that makes up a large, natural continuous part of the earth's crust
74
igneous rock
can form below or on the earth's surface when molten rock material (magma) cools
75
sedimentary rock
forms from sediment that is weathered, transported, and deposited before pressure creates it (ex sand-->sandstone, silt-->siltstone, clay-->shale)
76
metamorphic rock
produced when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these (ex limestone-->marble)
77
mineral resource
concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the earth's crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost (minerals have to be solid, mineral resources don't) (we harvest and use or sell it)
78
types of mining
deep deposits - subsurface mining shallow mining - open-pit mining, dredging, strip mining, contour strip mining, mountaintop removal
79
subsurface mining
used for deep deposits, tunnels and chambers are excavated to reach deposits
80
open-pit mining
shallow deposits, machines dig holes and remove ores (limestone)
81
dredging
shallow deposits, draglines scrape up underwater material deposits (gold)
82
strip mining
shallow deposits, overlying soil and rock is removed to access deposits (calcium ore)
83
contour strip mining
terraced strip mining, with regard to contours of land
84
mountaintop removal
the whole top of the mountain is removed, changes land topography which means land might flood easier. Also releases suffer, which turns into acidic water when it rains
85
mineral resource supply
we will never completely run out of any mineral, but a mineral becomes economically depleted when the costs of finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining deposits exceed the returns. At that point we have five choices: recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without. The depletion time is the time it takes to use up 80% of the reserves at a given rate
86
Effects of extraction and use (5)
scarring and disruption of land surface, collapse or subsiding of the land, air pollution from dust and toxins, acid mine drainage, water pollution from sedimentation and toxics

APES (6 decks)

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