APII: Integumentary System

Question 1

What are the main components of the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM?

Answer 1

Skin, hair, nails & glands

The integumentary system serves as a protective barrier and plays roles in sensation and thermoregulation.

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

Answer 2

Epidermis

The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Question 3

What type of tissue primarily composes the Dermis?

Answer 3

Mostly connective tissue

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerves, providing structural support to the skin.

Question 4

What is the function of the Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)?

Answer 4

Anchors skin and contains adipose

The hypodermis provides insulation and cushioning for underlying structures.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The epidermis is composed of _______ tissue.

Answer 5

stratified squamous epithelial

Question 6

True or False: The dermis contains adipose tissue.

Answer 6

False

Adipose tissue is primarily found in the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis).

Question 7

List the layers of skin from superficial to deep.

Answer 7

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

Understanding the layers of skin is essential for studying skin-related conditions and treatments.

Question 9

What type of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis?

Answer 9

Stratified squamous epithelium

This is the toughest type of epithelial tissue.

Question 10

How do the bottom layer of cells in the epidermis receive nutrients and oxygen?

Answer 10

By diffusion from the dermis

Question 11

What process do cells in the epidermis undergo as they move towards the surface?

Answer 11

Keratinization

Question 12

What is keratin?

Answer 12

A very tough protein that makes skin waterproof and is a component of hair and nails

Question 13

What is the bottom layer of the epidermis called?

Answer 13

Stratum Basale

Question 14

What type of cells are primarily found in the stratum basale?

Answer 14

Actively mitotic columnar cells

Question 15

What percentage of cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes?

Answer 15

¼ of cells

Question 16

What pigment do melanocytes produce?

Answer 16

Melanin

Question 17

What causes differences in skin pigmentation among individuals?

Answer 17

The amount of melanin produced

Question 18

What is the yellow pigment some people produce besides melanin?

Answer 18

Carotene

Question 19

What characterizes the stratum spinosum?

Answer 19

Several layers of cells with spiny projections

Question 20

What is the function of the spiny projections in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 20

They connect cells to each other, making the epidermis stronger

Question 21

What happens when a cell from the stratum basale divides?

Answer 21

One cell stays in the stratum basale while the other is pushed into the stratum spinosum

Question 22

How many layers of cells are in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 22

2-3 layers of flattened cells

Question 23

What starts to form in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 23

Keratin granules

Question 24

In which type of skin is the stratum lucidum present?

Answer 24

Thick skin

Question 25

Where can stratum lucidum be found on the body?

Answer 25

Palms, soles of feet, knees, elbows, knuckles

Question 26

What does the stratum lucidum appear as?

Answer 26

A translucent band just above the stratum granulosum

Question 27

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?

Answer 27

Stratum corneum

Question 28

How many layers of dead flat cells are in the stratum corneum?

Answer 28

20-30 layers

Question 29

What percentage of the epidermal thickness does the stratum corneum represent?

Answer 29

¾ of epidermal thickness

Question 30

What happens to the nuclei and organelles in the stratum corneum?

Answer 30

They disintegrate

Question 31

How long does it take for cells to move from stratum basale to be shed from stratum corneum?

Answer 31

5 weeks

Question 33

What are the two regions in the dermis?

Answer 33

1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer ## Footnote The dermis consists of these two distinct layers that serve various functions.

Question 34

What does the papillary layer contain?

Answer 34

Capillaries and nerves supplying the epidermis ## Footnote This layer enhances the surface area of contact with the epidermis through papillae.

Question 35

What type of tissue is found in the papillary layer?

Answer 35

Loose connective tissue ## Footnote This allows for flexibility and support in the papillary layer.

Question 36

What is the main characteristic of the reticular layer?

Answer 36

Dense irregular connective tissue ## Footnote The reticular layer provides strength and elasticity to the skin.

Question 37

What fibers are present in the dermis?

Answer 37

Collagen and elastin fibers ## Footnote These fibers contribute to the skin's strength and elasticity.

Question 38

What are striae?

Answer 38

White scars caused by overstretched dermis ## Footnote Commonly known as stretch marks.

Question 39

What are epidermal derivatives?

Answer 39

Hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands ## Footnote These structures originate from epidermal cells that have migrated into the dermis.

Question 40

What is hair made from?

Answer 40

Protein keratin ## Footnote Keratin is a key structural protein in hair.

Question 41

What are the components of hair?

Answer 41

Medulla, cortex, root, cuticle ## Footnote Each part of the hair has specific functions and structural characteristics.

Question 42

What is the cuticle of the hair?

Answer 42

The outermost layer of keratin 'shingles' ## Footnote It can be worn away, leading to split ends.

Question 43

What are arrector pili muscles responsible for?

Answer 43

Making hair stand up (goose bumps) ## Footnote These muscles contract in response to cold or fear.

Question 44

What are nails made of?

Answer 44

Thin plates of stratum corneum containing a hard type of keratin ## Footnote This composition provides durability and protection.

Question 45

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

Answer 45

Holocrine glands ## Footnote They release sebum through the rupture of their cells.

Question 46

What is sebum?

Answer 46

An oily substance that keeps skin and hair soft and pliable ## Footnote It also plays a role in inhibiting bacterial growth due to its acidity.

Question 47

What condition is caused by blocked hair follicles?

Answer 47

Acne ## Footnote This occurs when sebum and dead cells block hair follicles, leading to infection.

Question 48

What oil is closest to natural skin oil?

Answer 48

Jojoba oil ## Footnote It is often recommended for hypoallergenic clients.

Question 50

What are sweat glands also called?

Answer 50

Sudoriferous glands

Question 51

How many sweat glands are estimated to be in the human body?

Answer 51

2.5 million

Question 52

Where are sweat glands most densely located?

Answer 52

Palms and soles

Question 53

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 53

* Merocrine * Apocrine

Question 54

What characterizes merocrine sweat glands?

Answer 54

Most numerous and widely distributed over entire body

Question 55

What is the composition of merocrine sweat?

Answer 55

99%+ H2O with some salt

Question 56

What is a key function of merocrine sweat?

Answer 56

Cools body by evaporation

Question 57

At what stage of development do merocrine sweat glands begin functioning?

Answer 57

Before we are even born

Question 58

What happens to a piece of the cell in apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 58

It is pinched off

Question 59

What does apocrine sweat contain?

Answer 59

* H2O * Salts * Organic compounds (fatty acids & proteins)

Question 60

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

Answer 60

* Armpit * Groin * Around nipples

Question 61

When do apocrine sweat glands start functioning?

Answer 61

At puberty

Question 62

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

Answer 62

Produce cerumen (ear wax)

Question 63

Where are ceruminous glands located?

Answer 63

External auditory meatus (outer ear canal)

Question 64

What are the functions of skin? List them.

Answer 64

* Protection * Sensory reception * Regulation of body temperature * Vitamin D synthesis

Question 65

True or False: Apocrine sweat glands are associated with hair follicles.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Fill in the blank: Merocrine sweat glands inhibit ______ growth.

Answer 66

Bacterial

Question 67

What is a unique characteristic of cerumen produced by ceruminous glands?

Answer 67

It repels insects & traps foreign material