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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II > APII: Nervous System > Flashcards

APII: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System composed of?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the Afferent Division of the nervous system refer to?

A

Sensory N.S. (visceral & somatic)

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3
Q

What is included in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Nerves & Ganglia (groups of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS)

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4
Q

What is the function of the Efferent Division?

A

It sends signals to move muscles.

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5
Q

What does the Motor Nervous System include?

A

Somatic N.S, somatomotor n.s., somatic efferent n.S., voluntary n.S.

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6
Q

What is the role of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Supplies skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

A

Motor to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands

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8
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Fight or flight; initiates stress response

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9
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Rest and repose; operates during normal relaxed conditions

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10
Q

What is a key function of the nervous system related to sensory input?

A

Sensory - afferent n.s. - Senses to touch

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11
Q

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

A

Integrative - CNS

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12
Q

What does the term ‘efferent’ refer to in the context of the nervous system?

A

It takes effort to move muscles

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13
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons & neuroglia

Neurons transmit action potentials, while neuroglia support and nourish neurons.

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14
Q

What is the primary function of neurons?

A

Transmit action potentials (nerve impulses)

Neurons are amitotic and play a critical role in the nervous system.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of neuroglia?

A

Support, protect, and nourish neurons

Neuroglia are mitotic and assist in maintaining homeostasis in the nervous system.

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16
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

Soma, dendrites, axon

The soma is the cell body, dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body, and the axon carries impulses away.

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17
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

Cell body of the neuron

It contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.

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18
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Carries the impulse away from the cell body

The axon may have branches called axon collaterals and terminates in synaptic bulbs.

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19
Q

What are telodendria?

A

Short branches at the end of an axon

The distal end of telodendria forms synaptic bulbs.

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20
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Carry impulses towards the cell body

Dendrites usually increase surface area to receive signals from other neurons.

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21
Q

What are axons and dendrites sometimes called?

A

Fibers

This term reflects their role in conducting impulses in the nervous system.

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22
Q

What are the four types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic

Each type has a distinct structure and function related to its role in the nervous system.

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23
Q

What characterizes multipolar neurons?

A

1 axon & many dendrites

They are the most common type of neuron.

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24
Q

What characterizes bipolar neurons?

A

1 axon & 1 dendrite

They are rare and found in the CNS and some special senses.

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25
What characterizes unipolar neurons?
1 process off cell body that splits into axonic & dendritic processes ## Footnote Commonly found in sensory neurons.
26
What characterizes anaxonic neurons?
Many short processes; axons & dendrites indistinguishable ## Footnote They are poorly understood and found in the CNS and special sense organs.
27
What is excitability in neurons?
Ability to receive & respond to a stimulus ## Footnote It is a crucial characteristic for the functioning of neurons.
28
What is conductivity in neurons?
Ability to transmit an impulse (action potential) ## Footnote This characteristic allows for communication within the nervous system.
29
What is the structure that actually conducts the impulse in a neuron?
Neuron cell membrane ## Footnote The neuron cell membrane plays a critical role in the conduction of action potentials.
30
What do sodium ion (Na+) gates do?
Allow Na+ to rush from outside of the cell to inside ## Footnote These gates are tiny one-way gates throughout the nerve cell membrane.
31
What is the function of potassium ion (K+) gates?
Allow K+ to rush from inside the cell to outside ## Footnote K+ gates help in repolarizing the neuron after an action potential.
32
What is the role of the sodium/potassium pump?
Transport Na+ back outside the cell and K+ back inside the cell ## Footnote This pump uses energy to reset the neuron for another action potential.
33
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70mV ## Footnote The resting potential is due to the negative charge of proteins and the distribution of ions.
34
What are the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions when the cell is resting?
Na+ are concentrated in extracellular fluid; K+ are concentrated in intracellular fluid ## Footnote This distribution is crucial for the generation of action potentials.
35
What happens when a neuron receives a stimulus above threshold?
Na+ gates open, causing Na+ to rush into the cell ## Footnote This influx of Na+ changes the charge inside the cell, triggering an action potential.
36
What is the charge inside the cell after Na+ rushes in?
+30mV ## Footnote This positive charge triggers the closing of Na+ gates and the opening of adjacent Na+ gates.
37
What triggers the opening of K+ gates?
The change in charge and Na+ concentration ## Footnote K+ gates open as a response to the action potential reaching its peak.
38
What happens to K+ ions during repolarization?
K+ rush out of the cell ## Footnote The outflow of K+ returns the cell charge back to -70mV.
39
Fill in the blank: The negatively charged proteins inside the neuron give it a resting potential of _______.
-70mV ## Footnote These proteins are too large to pass through the cell membrane.
40
True or False: The cell membrane is permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions when the neuron is at rest.
False ## Footnote The cell membrane is impermeable to both ions during the resting state.
41
What is the function of the Na+ and K+ gates in nerve fibers?
They act like dominoes; the nerve impulse is the falling/opening of Na+ gates followed by K+ gates. ## Footnote This analogy helps visualize the propagation of the nerve impulse along the nerve fiber.
42
What does the Na+/K+ pump do in the context of nerve impulses?
It resets the nerve fiber after an action potential by moving Na+ outside and K+ inside. ## Footnote This is crucial for the nerve to be able to fire again.
43
What is the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell?
-70 mV ## Footnote This is the typical voltage when a neuron is not actively firing.
44
What occurs during depolarization?
Na+ gates open, Na+ rushes in, depolarizing the membrane from -70 mV to 0 mV. ## Footnote This is the first step in the action potential process.
45
What is reverse polarization in the action potential process?
The membrane polarity briefly becomes positive (+30 mV) due to the influx of Na+. ## Footnote This occurs after a significant influx of sodium ions.
46
What happens during repolarization?
K+ gates open, K+ rushes out, repolarizing the membrane back to -70 mV. ## Footnote This restores the resting potential of the cell.
47
What is the sodium-potassium pump's role after an action potential?
It resets the cell's ion concentrations to prepare for the next action potential. ## Footnote This involves moving Na+ outside and K+ inside the cell.
48
Define the absolute refractory period.
The time after an action potential during which the nerve fiber cannot fire again, regardless of stimulus strength. ## Footnote This occurs because the sodium-potassium pump hasn't reset the cell yet.
49
Define the relative refractory period.
The period when a larger than normal stimulus is needed to generate another action potential. ## Footnote This is due to the sodium-potassium pump not fully resetting the cell.
50
What is the all-or-none principle?
If a threshold stimulus is applied, an action potential is generated at maximum strength and speed. ## Footnote This principle states that action potentials are not graded; they either occur fully or not at all.
51
What is myelin?
A white, fatty substance surrounding some nerve fibers, produced by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. ## Footnote Myelin enhances the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
52
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. ## Footnote These nodes are crucial for saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers.
53
True or False: Myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated fibers.
True ## Footnote The presence of myelin allows for faster transmission of action potentials.
54
Fill in the blank: The typical resting potential of a neuron is _______.
-70 mV
55
Fill in the blank: An action potential occurs when the membrane potential reaches a _______ stimulus.
threshold
56
What is continuous conduction?
Type of conduction in unmyelinated nerve fibers ## Footnote Every Na+ gate and K+ gate must open down the nerve fiber.
57
What is saltatory conduction?
"Leaping" type of conduction in myelinated nerve fibers ## Footnote Only the gates at nodes of Ranvier open; impulse leaps from node to node and conducts 5-7 times faster than unmyelinated nerve fibers.
58
What is neurilemma?
Cytoplasm, nucleus, and outer cell membrane of Schwann cells forming a tight covering over the entire nerve fiber ## Footnote Essential to nerve fiber regeneration; none in CNS.
59
What are the three parts of a synapse?
* Synaptic bulb/knob * Synaptic cleft * Postsynaptic membrane
60
What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemical released from the synaptic bulb when the action potential reaches the end of the axon ## Footnote Crosses synaptic cleft and bonds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic membrane.
61
What is the effect of excitatory transmission?
Reaction between neurotransmitter & receptor depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
62
What is the effect of inhibitory transmission?
Reaction between neurotransmitter & receptor opens up K+ gates, hyperpolarizing the membrane ## Footnote This makes it more difficult for an action potential to be generated.
63
Fill in the blank: The neurilemma is essential to _______.
Nerve fiber regeneration
64
65
What is a single series circuit?
1 neuron synapses with another single neuron
66
What is a divergence circuit?
1 neuron synapses with multiple neurons - spreads out
67
What is a convergence circuit?
Many neurons synapse with a single neuron
68
List the 5 basic components of a typical reflex arc.
* Receptor * Afferent neuron - sensory * Interneuron - CNS * Efferent neuron - motor * Effector
69
What is a fiber in the context of a nerve?
Individual axon or dendrite
70
What is the endoneurium?
C.t. covering surrounding single nerve fiber & its neurilemma
71
What is a fascicle?
Bundle of nerve fibers
72
What is the perineurium?
C.t. covering surrounding fascicle / fasciculus
73
What is the epineurium?
C.t. covering surrounding entire nerve
74
Why do most nerves have their own blood vessels?
Because of nerves' very high demand for energy

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II (11 decks)

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