Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Function of the pectoral girdle (shoulder)
A
to connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
2
Q
Bones of the pectoral girdle (shoulder)
A
Clavicle and Scapula
3
Q
Joint that connects sternal end of the clavicle with manubrium of sternum
A
sternoclavicular joint
4
Q
Joint that connects scapula with the clavicle
A
acromioclavicular joint
5
Q
Joint that connects scapula with the humerus
A
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
6
Q
Clavicle
A
Collarbone
7
Q
Clavicle shape description (medial; lateral)
A
S-shaped [medial half curves toward you; lateral half curves away from you]
8
Q
Sternal End (medial end) of Clavicle: Characteristics
A
rounded; forms the sternoclavicular joint when it articulates with the manubrium
9
Q
Acromial end (lateral end) of Clavicle: Characteristics
A
broad; flat; forms the acromioclavicular joints when it articulates with the acromion of the scapula
10
Q
Acromial end forms what joints?
A
Acromioclavicular joint
11
Q
Sternal end forms what joints?
A
sternoclavicular joint
12
Q
Causes of fractured clavicle?
A
- FOOSH can also cause a fractured clavicle; force transmitted can travel throughout the arm 2. Blow to the superior part of the anterior thorax [MVA]
13
Q
Scapula
A
(aka: shoulder blade): large triangular; flat bone situated in the superior part of the posterior thorax between ribs 2 and 7
14
Q
Scapula Spine
A
Prominent ridge running along the posterior surface of the scapula
15
Q
Acromion (Scapula)
A
Flattened; expanded process; found at the lateral end of the spine
16
Q
Glenoid Cavity
A
Found the lateral aspect of the scapula; accepts the head of the humerus
17
Q
What joint does the Glenoid Cavity Form?
A
glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
18
Q
Medial (vertebral) Border (Scapula)
A
Thin edge closer to the spinal cord
19
Q
Lateral (axillary) Border (Scapula)
A
Thick edge closer to the arm (humerus)
20
Q
Superior border (Scapula)
A
Superior edge of the scapula
21
Q
Superior angle (Scapula)
A
Joining of the superior border and the medial border
22
Q
Inferior angle (Scapula)
A
Joining of the medial and lateral borders
23
Q
Scapular notch
A
Prominent indentation along the superior border; Passage: scapular nerve
24
Q
Coracoid process
A
Projection off the anterior surface; off the lateral end of the superior border
25
What attaches to the coracoid process?
1. Tendons of pectoralis minor; coracobrachialis; biceps brachii; 2. Ligaments of corocoacromial; conoid and trapezoid
26
Supraspinous fossa
Surface for attachment for supraspinatus muscle
27
Infraspinous fossa
Surface for attachment of the infraspinatus muscle
28
Subscapular fossa
Surface for attachment of the subscapularis muscle
29
How many bones are in the upper limb extremity; where?
Comprised of 30 bones in 3 locations: 1. The humerus in the arm; 2. The ulna and radius in the arm; 3. 8 carpals in the wrist; 4. 5 metacarpals in the palm ; 5. 14 phalanges in the digits
30
Describe the articulation of the humerus.
1. Proximally with the scapula [shoulder joint]; 2. Distally with ulna and radius [forms elbow joint]
31
Head of the Humerus
end of the humerus; articulates with the glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint.
32
Anatomical Neck
former site of the epiphyseal plate; visible as an oblique groove
33
Greater Tubercle
lateral projection; distal to the anatomical neck; most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder
34
Lesser tubercle
anterior projection
35
Intertubercular groove
found between the tubercles
36
Surgical neck
constriction on the humerus; just distal to the tubercles; where the head tapers to the shaft. [Named surgical neck because fractures often occur here]
37
Humerus body
shaft
38
Deltoid tuberosity
V-shaped area on the shaft that serves as a point of attachment for the tendons of the deltoid muscle
39
Radial Groove
posterior surface of the humerus; runs along the deltoid tuberosity; Structure: radial nerve
40
Capitulum
rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the bone; articulates with: head of the radius.
41
Radial Fossa
anterior depression above the capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed (bent).
42
Trochlea
medial to the capitulum; spool-shaped surface that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
43
Coronoid fossa
anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when flexed.
44
Olecranon fossa
large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended (straightened)
45
Medial and lateral epicondyle
rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus. Tendons of most muscles of the forearm attach here.
46
Where can the ulner nerve be palpated?
Ulnar nerve can be palpated just above medial epicondyle [pain experienced when you hit your funny bone]
47
Ulna
bone of the forearm found on the �little finger� side
48
Which ends are narrow and wide on the ulna?
Narrow at the distal end; widen at proximal end
49
Head of Radius
proximal
50
Neck of Radius
Inferior to the head of the radius
51
Radial Tuberosity
point of attachment for tendons of the biceps brachii muscle
52
Styloid process of the radius
lateral side of the radius; attachment for the bracioradialis muscle; attachmen of the radial collateral ligament
53
Ulnar Notch
Articulates with the head of the Ulna
54
Olecranon
forms the prominence of the elbow
55
Coronoid Process
anterior projection articulates with the trochlear of the humerus
56
Trochlear notch
large curved area between the olecranon and coronoid process; which forms the elbow joint.
57
Radial Notch
articulates with the head of the radius
58
Ulnar tuberosity
biceps brachii muscle tendon attaches here
59
Styloid process of the ulna
located on a posterior side of ulna�s distal end. Attachment of the ulnar collateral ligament
60
Head of ulna
Distal
61
Radius
smaller bone of the forearm; located on the thumb side
62
Which ends are narrow and wide on the radius?
Narrow at the proximal end and widens at the distal end
63
Where do a majority of 50+ adults fracture radius?
Fracture of the distal end of the radius is the m/c fracture in adults \>50 yrs secondary to falls.
64
Where are the 3 joints found that articulate with the radius and ulna?
1. Ulna; Radius & humerus [Elbow Joint]; 2. Head of the radius + ulnar notch [proximal radioulnar joint]; 3. Head of the ulna + radial notch [Distal radioulnar joint]
65
Interosseus Membrane
broad; flat fibrous connective tissue found between the shafts of the radius and ulna; site of attachment for deep muscles of the forearm
66
Radiocarpal joint (wrist) joint
Distal end of radius + 3 wrist bones [lunate; scaphoid triquetrum]
67
Carpus
proximal regions of the hand consisting of eight small bones called carpal bones
68
How is the carpus arranged?
two transverse rows of four bones each; their names reflect shapes
69
Intercarpal joints
Articulations among carpal bones
70
What is the Mnemonic to remember the carpus organization?
Stop Letting Those People Touch the Cadever's Hand
71
What are the bones of the wrist or within the carpus?
Scaphoid; Lunate; Triquetrum; Pisfiorm; Trapezium; Trapezoid; Capitate; Hamate
72
What are the structures that pass through the Carpal Tunnel?
1. Flexor tendons of the digits and thumbs; 2. median nerve
73
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Narrowing of the carpel tunnel due to factors such as inflammation.
74
Metacarpals
bones of the palm (intermediate region of the hand)
75
What are the Components of the Metacarpals?
1. proximal base; 2. intermediate shaft; 3. distal head
76
How are metacarpals labeled?
metacarpals are labeled I-V (Thumb side is I)
77
Carpometacarpal Joints
base articulating with the distal row of carpal bones
78
Metacarpophalangeal joints
heads articulating with proximal phalanges AKA. Knuckles
79
Phalanges
14 bones of the digits; digits are labeled I-V (1-5) beginning with the thumb (lateral to medial)
80
Phalanx
a single bone of a digit
81
What does each phalanx consist of?
1. Proximal base; 2. Intermediate shaft; 3. Distal head
82
Describe the phalanges in the Thumb (pollex)
has a distal and proximal phalanges
83
What are the other four digits philanges called?
proximal; middle and distal
84
What does the complete ring of the pelvic girdle consist of?
hip bones; pubic symphysis; sacrum; coccyx
85
What does the perlvic girdle consist of?
Pelvic (hip) girdle consist of two hip bones [AKA: coxal or pelvic bones or os coxa]
86
Anterior joint of the pelvic girdle
pubic symphysis
87
Posterior Joint of the pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac Joints
88
Bony Pelvis
deep basin like structure is called a bony pelvis
89
What are the functions of the bony pelvis?
1. provides strong/stable support for vertebral column and pelvis; 2. protection of lower abdominal organs
90
Pelvic girdle (of bony pelvis) function
Connects bones of the lower limbs to axial skeleton
91
Illium
Largest of the three components of the hip bone
92
Acetabulum
socket for head of the femur
93
Greater Sciatic Notch
Sciatic nerve passes through this region
94
Iliac Fossa
concavity where tendons of the iliacus muscle attaches
95
Iliac tuberosity
point of attachment for sacroiliac ligament
96
auricular surface
articulates with the sacrum; forms the sacroiliac (SI) joint
97
What are the three arched lines on the lateral surface of the Ilium?
1. Posterior gluteal line; 2. anterior gluteal line; 3. inferior gluteal line
98
Ischium
inferior; posterior portion of the hip bone
99
What is the ischium comprised of?
1. Superior body; 2. Inferior ramus [part of the ischium that fuses with the pubis]
100
What are the features of the Ischium?
1. Ischial Spine; 2. Lesser sciatic notch; 3. Ischial tuberosity
101
Obturator foramen
largest foramen in the body; ramus and pubis form this structure. It has nerves and blood vessels that pass through it; but it is also completely enclosed by a fibrous obturator membrane.
102
Pubis
Anterior and inferior part of the hip bone
103
What are the compoents of the Pubis?
1. Superior ramus; 2. Inferior ramus; 3. Body [found between the superior and inferior ramus]
104
True Pelvis
(Lesser pelvis): portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim
105
What are the borders of the true pelvis?
Anterior: pubic bones; Posterior: sacrum and coccyx; inferiorly: ilium and ischium
106
What are the contents enclosed in the true pelvis?
1. Rectum; 2. Bladder; 3. Vagina (females); 4. Cervix of the uterus (females); 5. Prostate (males)
107
Superior opening of true pelvis?
bordered by pelvic brim AKA: pelvic inlet
108
Inferior opening of true pelvis?
pelvic outlet (covered by muscles at the floor of the pelvis)
109
Pelvic azis of the true pelvis?
imaginary line that curves through the true pelvis from the central point of the plane of pelvic inlet to the central point of the pelvic outlet. This is the route a child takes in childbirth.
110
False Pelvis
(greater pelvis): portion of the bony pelvis that is superior to the pelvic brim.
111
Borders of False Pelvis
Anterior: abdominal wall; Posterior: Vertebral Canal; Lateral: upper portion of the hip bones
112
What are the contents enclosed in the false pelvis?
1. superior portion of the urinary bladder; 2. lower intestines; 3. uterus; 4. ovaries; 5. uterine tubes in females
113
How does a male pelvis compare to a females?
Bones are heavier; larger; ? Larger surface markings
114
Femur
thigh bone
115
General Characteristics of the Femur
1. Longest; heaviest bone in the body; 2. Proximal end forms the hip joint; 3. Distal end forms the knee joint
116
Articulations of the femur.
1. Femoral head + acetabulum (proximal) [forms the coxal or hip joint]; 2. Distal Femur + Tibia + Patella (distal)
117
Body (shaft) of the femur
angled medially; knees are closer to the midline than hip joints
118
Angle of convergence
angle of the shaft of the femur; greater in females d/t a broader pelvis
119
Head of femur
rounded; articulates with the acetabulum
120
Fovea capitus
central depression found on the head of the femur; ligament of the head of femur attaches here to attach femur to acetabulum
121
Neck of the femur
Constricted region distal to the head; most common location of a hip fracture
122
Greater Trochanter
larger projection from the junction of the femoral neck; attachment of tendons; landmark used for IM injections
123
Lesser Trochanter
larger projection from the junction of the femoral neck; attachment of tendons; inferior medial to the G. trochanter
124
Intertrochanteric Line
narrow line found between the anterior surface of the greater and lesser trochanter
125
Intertrochanteric crest
[ridge located between the posterior surfaces of the trochanters
126
Gluteal tuberosity
vertical ridge inferior to intertrochanteric crest on posterior surface of the femur; attachment of several thigh muscles
127
Linea aspera
vertical ridge; attachment of several thigh muscles
128
Medial condyle
articulate with the medial condyle of the tibia
129
Lateral condyle
articulate with the lateral condyle of the tibia
130
Medial epicondyle
found superior to medial condyle; ligaments of the knee attach here
131
Lateral epicondyle
found superior to lateral condyle; ligaments of the knee attach here
132
Intercondylar fossa
area between the condyles on the posterior surface
133
Patellar surface
located between the condyles; anterior surface
134
Adductor tubercule
roughened projection; site of attachment for the adductor magnus mm
135
Patella
Knee cap; small triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint
136
Patellofemoral ligament
located between the posterior surface of the patella and patellar surface of the femur. This is the intermediate component of the tibiofemoral knee joint.
137
Base of the Patella
proximal end that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris mm.
138
Apex of the Patella
pointed distal end
139
Two Articular facets of the Patella
Found on the posterior surface of the bone; 1. medial condyle ; 2. lateral condyle
140
Functions of the Patella
1. increases leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris mm; 2. maintains position of the tendon when the knee is flexed (bent) 3. protects the knee joint
141
Tibia
shin-bone; larger; medial; weight bearing bone of the lower leg
142
What are the articulations of the tibia?
1. proximal: femur + fibula; 2. Distal: fibula + talus
143
What is the membrane called between the tibia and fibula?
interosseus membrane located between the tibia and fibula
144
tibiofemoral knee joint
formed by the medial & lateral condyles of the tibia with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
145
intercondylar eminence
upward projection found between the condyles
146
tibial tuberosity
anterior surface: attachment of the patellar ligament
147
Anterior border
(crest) [found inferior and continuous with the tibial tuberosity]
148
Medial malleolus
articulates with the talus of the ankle; forms prominence that can be felt on the medial surface of the ankle
149
Fibular notch
articulates with the distal end of the fibula; forms distal tibiofibular joint
150
Out of all the long bones in the body; which bone is fractured the most?
tibia
151
Where is the site for the most frequenr site for open compound fractures?
tibia
152
Fibula
smaller bone of the lower leg; parallel and lateral to the tibia. This bone does not articulate with the femur; but helps stabilize the ankle joint
153
Is the fibula lateral or medial?
lateral: FibuLA is lateral
154
Head of fibula
articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia: forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
155
Lateral malleolus articulation
with tibia at the fibular notch: forms distal tibiofibular joint. Lateral malleolus also articulates with the talus at the ankle.
156
Tarus
proximal region of the foot
157
What bones are composed in the foot
Calcaneus; Navicular; Three cuniforms (lateral; intermediate; medial); cuboid; talus
158
Calcaneus
largest and strongest; posterior foot
159
Navicular
anterior foot
160
Three cuniforms
lateral; intermediate; medial; anterior foot
161
Cuboid
anterior foot
162
Talus
posterior foot; only bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula; articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula] AKA: talocrual joint
163
Intertarsal joints
joints between the tarsal bones
164
Metatarsus
Intermediate region of the foot [contains a base; shaft and a head; articulate with cuneiforms to form tarsometatarsal joints] Numbered I-V
165
Phalanges
distal component; numbered I-V Components: on phalanx has [head; base and shaft] [1st digit has a proximal and distal portion; II-V have proximal; intermediate and distal]
166
What are the arches in the foot?
Longitudinal arch; transverse arch
167
What structures form the arches?
Ligaments and tendons; fully developed by age 12-13 years old
168
What are the functions of the arch?
1. Support weight of the body [ball of the foot carries 40% of the weight; heel carries 60%] [high heels: ball =80%; heel=20%; 2. Provide ideal weight distribution; 3. Provide leverage when walking
169
What are the two types of longitudinal arches?
Medial part and later part
170
Medial Part of Longitudinal Arches
originates at calcaneus; rises through the talus; descends through the navicular; 3 cuneiforms and heads of the 3 medial metatarsals] This arch is so high; that medial portion of the foot doesn�t touch the ground when walking on a hard surface
171
Lateral Part of Longitudinal Arches
begins at the calcaneus; rises at the cuboid; descends to the heads of the 2 lateral metatarsals]
172
Transverse Arch
Location: between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot Bones that form this arch: navicular; 3 cuneiforms and bases of the 5 metatarsals
173
Weight distribution
Normally: [ball of the foot carries 40% of the weight; heel carries 60%] High heels: ball =80%; heel=20%; can lead to joint pain and dysfunction; structural changes to the foot.
174
Where do most skeletal tissues arise from?
cells (connective tissue cells derived from mesoderm)
175
Where do the skulls tiise arise from?
Estoderm
176
Describe the developmetn of the skull.
The development of the skull begins at week 4 after fertilization and develops from mesenchyme around the developing brain. There are two major portions of the skull.
177
Neurocranium
[mesodermal origin]? forms the bones of the skull
178
Viscerocranium
[ectodermal origin]? forms the bones of the face
179
Two parts of the Neurocranium
Cartilaginous neurocranium and membranous neurocranium
180
Cartilaginous neurocranium
Origin: hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme at the base of the developing skull; Process: undergoes endochondral ossification to form bones at the base of the skull
181
Membranous neurocranium
Origin: mesenchyme; Process: undergoes intermembranous ossification to form flat bones that make up the roof and sides of the skull
182
Two parts of the Viscerocranium
Cartilaginous Viscerocranium and Membranous viscerocranium
183
Cartilaginous Viscerocranium
Origin: cartilage of the first and second (branchial) pharyngeal arches; Process: undergoes endochondral ossification to form ear bones and hyoid bone
184
Membranous viscerocranium
Origin: hyaline cartilage developed from first (branchial) pharyngeal arch; Process: undergoes intramembranous ossification to form facial bones
