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A&P 1 > Introduction to A&P > Flashcards

Introduction to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Science of the body structure and their relationships

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body parts work or their “function”

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3
Q

Dissection

A

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their functions

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4
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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5
Q

Development Biology

A

The study of complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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6
Q

Histology

A

The study of microscopic structures of tissues

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be seen without a microscope

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8
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

The study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

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9
Q

Imaging Anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-ray, MRI, CT

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10
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

The study of structural changes (gross and microscopic) associated with disease

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11
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of specific systems, such as respiratory or nervous

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12
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Study of specific regions of the body (head, chest, abdomen)

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

The study of the functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of hormonal (chemical messengers) responsible for control of body functions

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15
Q

Immunology

A

The study of the body’s defense against disease-causing agents

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16
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

The study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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17
Q

What are the six levels of structural organizations of the human body? (smallest to largest)

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

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18
Q

Integumentary System Components

A

Skin and associated structures such as hair and nails, sweat glands, oil glands

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19
Q

Skeletal System Components

A

Bones, joints, cartilage

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20
Q

Muscular System Components

A

Muscles, specifically skeletal muscle tissue (muscle tissue that attaches to bone)

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21
Q

Nervous System Components

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes & ears)

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22
Q

Endocrine System Components

A

Hormone producing glands (pineal glands, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries & testes)

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23
Q

Cardiovascular System Components

A

Blood, heart, and blood vessels

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24
Q

Lymphatic System Components

A

Lymphatic fluid; lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & tonsils

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25
Respiratory System Components
Lungs and air passages, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe)
26
Digestive System Components
Organs of the GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
27
Urinary System Components
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
28
Reproductive System Components
Gonads (testes in male; ovaries in females), associated organs, females: uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, Males: epididymis, ductus or vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis in males
29
What are the non-invasive diagnostic techniques in patient assessment?
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, and Percussion
30
Inspection
observation of the body for any deviation from normal (pulsating masses, lesions)
31
Palpation
gently touching the body surface to detect any abnormalities (masses, tenderness, rigidity)
32
Auscultation
listening to body sounds to evaluate the function of certain organs
33
Percussion
tapping on the body surface with fingertips and listening to the resulting sound
34
What are the important basic life processes that distinguish living things from non-living things?
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
35
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical processes in the body
36
Responsiveness
ability to detect and respond to change
37
Movement
motion of the whole body, organs, single cells, or tiny structures w/ in cells
38
Growth
increase in body size by increasing number of cells, size of cells or both
39
Differentiation
stem cell development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
40
Reproduction
reproduction of both new cells and new organisms
41
How is metabolism broken down? (hierarchical relationship)
catabolism and anabolism
42
Catabolism
Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
43
Anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
44
Homeostasis
a condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal system, due to the constant interaction of the body's regulatory processes
45
What type of "state" is homeostasis in?
dynamic
46
Is homeostasis in an always changing environment?
Yes, always being disturbed, always changing
47
How does the nervous system and endocrine system work together to correct an imbalance?
nervous system will provide immediate response by sending electrical impulses know as action potentials to organs to counteract this state and endocrine will be a slower response that produces hormones into the blood
48
What is homeostasis regulated by?
Feedback loops
49
Feedback system
A continuous cycle of events in which the body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.
50
Monitored Variables
Controlled conditions: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose level
51
Stimulus
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
52
Afferent Pathway
Information flows from receptor toward the control center (A = Arrives)
53
Efferent Pathway
Information flows away from the control center (E = Exit)
54
Input
Nerve or chemical signal, sent from the receptor to the control center.
55
Output
Nerve or chemical signal that is sent out from the control center to effectors
56
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
57
Receptor
Body structure that monitors change and sends input to the control center
58
Control Center
Sets the range of acceptable values (set point), evaluates input from receptors, and generates output
59
Effector
Body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response or effect that will change the controlled condition
60
What are the two types of feedback systems?
Negative and Positive Feedback Systems
61
Negative Feedback
reserves a change in controlled conditions
62
Positive Feedback
strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
63
Disorder
any abnormality of structure or function (general)
64
Disease
an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and systems (specific)
65
Signs
Objective changes; observable, measurable (rash, fever, high blood pressure, paralysis)
66
Symptoms
Subjective changes in body function, not observable (nausea, anxiety, pain, headache)
67
What is involved in the diagnosis of disease?
History, Physical Exam, and Laboratory testing & imaging
68
Describe Anatomical Position
Standing, Facing the observer, head level, eyes forward, lower limbs parallel, feet flat on the floor, forward facing, upper limbs, hands at the side, and palms facing forward
69
Prone
Laying face down (on stomach)
70
Supine
Laying face up (on back)
71
Superior, Cephalic, or cranial
Towards Head
72
Inferior, Caudal
Away from head
73
Anterior, Ventral
Nearer to the front of the body
74
Posterior, Dorsal
Nearer to the back of the body
75
Medial
nearer to the midline
76
Lateral
farther from the midline
77
Intermediate
between two structures
78
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
79
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
80
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb
81
Distal
farther from the attachment of a limb
82
Superficial (external)
toward the surface of the body
83
Deep (internal)
away from the surface of the body
84
What are the branches of physiology
Neurophysiology, Immunology, Exercise Physiology, and Pathophysiology

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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