APPK 1.12 - Skeletal System

Question 1

Define: osteo/os

Answer 1

bone

Question 2

Define: blast

Answer 2

germ/bud (juvenile/young)

Question 3

Define: clast

Answer 3

break/destroy

Question 4

Define: arth/arthro

Answer 4

joint

Question 5

How many bones are in the adult body?

Answer 5

206

Question 6

_________ skeleton is the trunk & ________ skeleton is the movable portion.

Answer 6

1) Axial

2) Appendicular

Question 7

What are the 4 types of cells in bone tissue?

Answer 7

Osteogenic cells,
Osteoblasts,
Osteocytes,
Osteoclasts

Question 8

What cells are “bone stem cells” & what do they do?

Answer 8

Osteogenic cells; they create new osteoblasts that make up the bone matrix

Question 9

What cells are “bone builders” & what do they do?

Answer 9

Osetoblasts; they secrete collagen fibres that make up the framework of bone tissue

Question 10

What cells are “mature bone cells” & what do they do?

Answer 10

Osteocytes; matured osteoblasts that are responsible for the exchange of nutrients/waste of bone tissue

Question 11

What cells are “bone breakers” & what do they do?

Answer 11

Osteoclasts; large cells that secrete acids & enzymes to break down bone

Question 12

What is compact bone?

Answer 12

Dense w/ hard matrix; forms shaft (diaphysis) of long bones & outer layers of ALL bones

Question 13

What is spongey bone?

Answer 13

Lattice-like appearance; found in the ends (epiphyses) of long bones & flat bones. Reduces overall weight of bone & large spaces filled w/ red bone marrow

Question 14

What are the types of bones? (5)

Answer 14

• Long (humerus)
• Short (carpals)
• Flat (sternum)
• Irregular (vertebrae)
• Sesamoid (patella)

Question 15

__________: proximal & distal ends of a bone; primarily made of spongy bone & red bone marrow

Answer 15

Epiphysis (2)

Question 16

__________: where the diaphysis meets the epiphyses; location of growth plate

Answer 16

Metaphysis (2)

Question 17

__________: hollow space within diaphysis; filled w/ yellow bone marrow

Answer 17

Medullary cavity

Question 18

__________: hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of each bone

Answer 18

Articular cartilage

Question 19

____________: where bone growth occurs; calcifies in adults.

Answer 19

Epiphyseal plate/line

Question 20

____________: outer layer of connective tissue surrounding bone; attachment site for ligaments & tendons

Answer 20

Periosteum

Question 21

_________: inner membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Answer 21

Endosteum

Question 22

What are the 3 types of skeletal cartilage?

Answer 22

• Hyaline (articular)
• Elastic (ear, epiglottis)
• Fibro (intervertebral discs)

Question 23

What is a joint? What component is the “lever” & which is the “fulcrum”?

Answer 23

Any junction of the skeleton where 2 bones meet
Bones = lever b/c they are rigid
Joints = fulcrum (where the movement happens!)

Question 24

What are the classifications of joints? (3)

Answer 24

• Fibrous (little/no movement); joined via fibrous connective tissue
• Cartilaginous (slight/limited movement); joined via fibrocartilage pad
• Synovial (freely movable); joined via joint capsule & articular cartilage

Question 25

What are the 4 common features of synovial joints?

Answer 25

- joint capsule - articular cartilage - synovial membranes & fluid that lubricate the joint cavity (friction free movement) - ligaments (stabilisation)

Question 26

What is the main difference between ligaments & tendons?

Answer 26

Ligaments attach BONE to BONE, | Tendons attach MUSCLE to BONE

Question 27

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 27

- Acts as a supportive framework for the body - Protects vital organs - Bones act as levers & joints as fulcrum points to allow movement of the body when our muscles contract - Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow - Stores calcium & other minerals w/in bone tissue matrix

Question 28

What is the clinical connection between massage & the skeletal system?

Answer 28

- Bones & bony landmarks can be used to assess postural deviations - Releasing muscle tension can help keep joints in proper alignment & keep them healthy - Manipulating joints is NOT within the scope of bodyworkers - Modifications should be made to pressure & modalities used for clients w/ decreased bone density

Question 29

What are 3 postural deviations?

Answer 29

- Hyper kyphosis; overdeveloped thoracic curve - Hyper lordosis; overdeveloped lumbar curve - Scoliosis; lateral curve of the spine

Question 30

What are the types of bone fractures?

Answer 30

- open fracture (broken bone protrudes out of skin) - closed fracture (simple, no broken skin) - green light fracture (common in children) - comminuted fracture (complex, splinters of bone) - stress fracture (microscopic, no damage to surrounding tissue) - impacted fracture (broken bone driven into itself)

Question 31

What is the difference between a sprain & a strain?

Answer 31

``` Sprain = ligament injury & generally seen as MORE serious Strain = muscle or tendon injury ```

Question 32

Osteoporosis: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 32

Indicated; caution to adjust to lighter pressure/modalities

Question 33

Bursitis: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 33

Contraindicated locally

Question 34

Osteoarthritis: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 34

Indicated; except during periods of acute inflammation

Question 35

Rheumatoid arthritis: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 35

Indicated; caution to keep treatment gentle & soothing

Question 36

Gout: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 36

Contraindicated; when acute

Question 37

Sprains: Indicated or contraindicated? Cautions?

Answer 37

Contraindicated locally; when acute