Application of Reproduction & Genetics Flashcards
(45 cards)
Genetics
study of the … of single …
Function
Genes
Genomics
study of the complete … material of an organism - their …
Genetic
Genome
Aims of the Human Genome Project
- identify all … in the human … & identify which … each is on
- determine the … sequences of the 3 billion base … in human DNA
Genes
Genome
Chromosome
Base
Pairs
Aims of the 100k Genome Project
- study … within human …
- create new genomic … for NHS
- kickstart a UK genomics …
Variation
Genome
Medicine
Industry
Technology
as technologies develop, DNA sequencing has become … & … thus making is more …
Faster
Cheaper
Accessible
Ethical issues surrounding Genome Projects
- concerns regarding the … of genetic information & its misuse
- screening embryos - can choose … the ensure specific characteristics
- risk of … & social … could outweigh benefits
Storage
Alleles
Discrimination
Stigmatisation
Genome sequencing of other organisms
Allows:
- look at … relationships - provides … classification & can correct mistakes based on … characteristics
- consider how to … species by targeting species in need of …
Evolutionary
Phylogenetic
Phenotypic
Conserve
Protection
Malaria
Transmitted by mosquitos, which have developed … to insecticides
- sequencing of mosquito is allowing scientists to develop chemicals which could render them susceptible to … again
- sequencing of malarial parasitises is also allowing development of more effective …
Resistance
Insecticides
Drugs
DNA profiling (Genetic fingerprinting)
99.9% of human DNA is identical, 0.1% account for unique differences
Focuses on … regions which contain s… t… r… (STRs)
Variation in the no. Of STRS is apparent
Techniques used:
- p… c… r… (PCR) - amplifies STR religions to get enough DNA for analysis
- g… e… - separates DNA fragments by size - shorter, move further
Non-coding
Short tandem repeats
Polymerase chain reaction
Gel electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
- amplifies specific DNA sequences
- mimics … replication
- requires: DNA …, DNA …, p…, n… & … solution
Process:
1. D… - DNA strands …
2. A… - primers bind to target …
3. E… - DNA polymerase builds … strands
4. Cycle repeats double DNA each time until enough copies are made for analysis
Semi-conservative
Sample, polymerase, primers, nucleotides, buffer
- Desaturation - seperate
- Annealing - sequence
- Extension - complementary
Gel Electrophoresis
- seperates DNA fragments by … using an … current though … gel
- DNA is negatively charged so moved to the positive …
Process:
1. DNA is … & cut with r… e…
2. DNA fragments are loaded into well in the … gel
3. Electric current applied - fragments …
4. … Fragments travel further
5. DNA forms distinct bands by …
Size
Electric
Agarose
Electrode
- Extracted, restriction endonuclease
- Agarose
- Migrate
- Smaller
- Size
Genetic Engineering
= transfer of a … from one organism into another (creating a … organism)
Gene
(Transgenic)
Process of Genetic Engineering
- Identify & isolate the gene
- use a gene …
2 methods: - … transcriptase - makes … from …, then DNA … forms a double … DNA
- restriction … - cuts DNA at specific sequencing producing … ends for easier … - may cut through … or leave … (bad)
Probe
Reverse - cDNA from mRNA, polymerase, stranded
Endonuclease - sticky, insertion, gene or introns
Process of Genetic Engineering
- Insert Gene into a vector
- use … as vectors - cut with same … enzyme as … (complimentary … ends)
- DNA … joins the gene & plasmid - forms … plasmid
Plasmids
Restriction
Gene
(Sticky)
Ligase
Recombinant
Process of Genetic Engineering
- Transfer Vector to host cell
- mix plasmids with …
- use m… genes to identify successful take up
- use … platins to identify … bacteria
- Bacteria
- marker
- Replica, transgenic
Process of Genetic Engineering
- Protein production
- … bacteria is cultured in …
- they … & … the … gene to produce target …
Transgenic
Fermenters
Transcribe & translate
Inserted
Protein
Concerns over genetic engineering
- … resistance … in plasmids may transfer to … bacteria leading to … infections
- use of human DNA fragments may accidently activate …
Antibiotic
Genes
Pathogen
Untreatable
Oncogenes
GM crops
benefits:
longer … life, higher …, less … used
concerns:
… sprea may transfer genes to wild plants causing herbicide resistance, … risk from eating novel protein, potential reduction in …
Shelf, yields, pesticide
Pollen
Health
Biodiversity
Gene therapy
= replacing a fault … with a … one from a … individual
- … are used to deliver the …
Allele
Functional
Healthy
Vectors
Gene
Types of Gene Therapy
SOMATIC
- targets … cells
- T… (cells wear out) (not inherited)
- requires … treatment
Body
Temporary
Repeat
Types of Gene Therapy
Germ-line
- targets g… or e…
- p… (i…) but … controversial
- risk of unpredictable … effects
Gametes
Embryos
Permanent (inherited)
Ethically
Genetic
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
= recessive sex linked disorder caused by mutation in the dystrophin gene - muscles waste away
Treatment: … skipping
- uses a molecular … to skip over faulty … in …
- … binds to mutated -> makes it double …
- ribosome skips exon -> produces … but … dystrophin protein
Exon
- patch, exons, mRNA
- drisapersen, exon, stranded
- shorter, functional
Genomics improving healthcare
- more accurate …
- better drug … predictions
- improved drug …
- … treatment - next generation sequencing
Diagnosis
Response
Design
Personalised
Tissue engineering
Tissue culture = growing … in controlled lab conditions
- used in … production
- aims to r…, i… or r… tissues/organs
- grows living cells on … …
Cells
Vaccine
Repair, improve or replace
Synthetic scaffold
