Muscle Contraction 1. Impulse stimulates release of … which stimulates release of … ions 2. Calcium ions bind to … causing … to move away from active sit of … 3. … is … - releasing … 4. C… B… forms - … filament attaches to … which pulls the actin into the … - shortening muscle slightly 5. ATP attaches to m… causing myosin to detach from … (breaking … …) 6. Repeats until … / … runs out

1. Acetylcholine Calcium 2. Troponin, tropomyosin, actin 3. ATP, hydrolysed, energy 4. Myosin, actin, sarcomere 5. Myosin, actin 6. Calcium / ATP

Muscoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards by Caden Thomas

Cartilage

…, … connective tissue which provides … support to the body

Consists of c… cells which produce & are surrounded by e… m…. With spaces inbetween called …

3 types: yellow elastic, hyaline, white fibrous
Density of chondrocytes:
YE - …
H - …
WF - …

Smooth , elastic

Structural

Chondrocytes

Extracellular matrix

Lacunae

Highest
Intermediate
Lowest

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Compact Bone

… bones which form the hard … layer of all bones, providing p… & s… to bones

Made up of:
30% organic tissue - C… - provides … strength
70% inorganic tissue - H… - provides … strength

Dense

External

Protection & strength

Collagen - tensile
Hydroxy-apatite - compressive

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Osteoblasts

Cells embedded in the … of the bone which form, repair & reform the … component of bone

Matrix
Inorganic

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Osteoclasts

Cells that … the … component of bone when bone is …

Break down
Inorganic
Reforming

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Haversian System

Consists of:
- Haversian … - central canal containing bone’s b… v… & n… f…
- surrounded by … - layers of compact … containing organic & inorganic tissue

Function: helps the bone resist to b…/f…

Canal
Blood vessels & nerve fibres

Lamellae
Matrix

Bending/fracturing

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Rickets & Osteomalacia

Disorders caused by c…, vitamin … or … deficiency,
Causing w…/s… bones, stunted … & skeletal …

Rickets - only in …
Osteomalacia - only in …

Calcium
D
Phosphorus

Weak/soft

Growth

Deformities

Children
Adults

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Osteoporosis (brittle bone disease)

Loss of bone … due to fall in … - …

Symptoms - back pain, stopped posture, easier bone fractures

Treated with … (increase bone density), or synthetic …
Fractures treated with … etc.

Density

Oestrogen - menopause

Biphosphonates

Plaster

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle fibres bundled together

Each muscle is wrapped in … tissue … called the ….,
F… seperate the muscles,
Bundles are surround by layer of … tissue (p…),
Each fibre is surrounded by connective tissue called the e…

Connective, sheath

Epimysium,
Fascia,
Protective (perimysium)

Endomysium

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Muscle Fibres

Fibres <- m… <- f… (a… & m…)

Smallest units of muscle fibres which can contract independeny are called s…

Myofibrils
Filament (actin & myosin)

Sarcomeres

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Actin

Has 2 accessory proteins called T.. & T… (which regulate muscle…)

Troponin
Tropomyosin

Contraction

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Muscle Contraction

Impulse stimulates release of … which stimulates release of … ions
Calcium ions bind to … causing … to move away from active sit of …
… is … - releasing …
C… B… forms - … filament attaches to … which pulls the actin into the … - shortening muscle slightly
ATP attaches to m… causing myosin to detach from … (breaking … …)
Repeats until … / … runs out

Acetylcholine
Calcium
Troponin, tropomyosin, actin
ATP, hydrolysed, energy
Myosin, actin, sarcomere
Myosin, actin
Calcium / ATP

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Slow twitch muscle fibres

E.g. endurance events

… slowly,
Respire … - have high … density, high conc. of … & high conc. of … to store more …

Contract

Aerobically

Capillary

Mitochondria

Myoglobin

Oxygen

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Fast twitch muscle fibres

E.g. rapid - sprints etc.

Contact …,
Respire … - lower density of … & …,
Have higher … stores - used for …,

Quickly

Anaerobically

Mitochondria & myoglobin

Glycogen

Glycolysis

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Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs when there is insufficient …,

After glycolysis, p… is … to L… A… which builds up in muscles - decreasing …

Anaerobic is much less efficient at producing …

Oxygen

Pyruvate
Reduced
Lactic Acid
pH

ATP

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Creatine Phosphate

Donates … groups to … to regenerate … during … burst of activity

Phosphate
ADP
ATP
Short

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Types of Fractures

Bone doesn’t break skin - …
Bone breaks skin - …
Horizontal - …
Same bone, 2 location - …, 3+ - ….
Bone is crushed - …

Closed
Open
Transverse
Segmental
Comminuted
Compression

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Causes of Fractures

T…
O… (weakened bones)
repeated …

Trauma

Osteoporosis

Stress

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Vertebra

Vertebral body: back of the body, supports … of body, lined with … cartilage

Vertebral Arch: side & front of body, … & … are attached

Vertebral foramen: form the vertebral …, s… c… passes through

Weight
Hyaline

Muscles & ligaments

Canal
Spinal cord

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Intervertebral Discs (in between vertebrae)

… discs that … shock, allowing …&…

Consists of:
A… F… - tough outer ring
N… P… (gel-like centre)

Fibrocartilage

Absorb

Flexibility & movement

Annulus fibrosis
Nucleus pulposus

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Cervical Vertebral Column (Neck)

Wider vertebral … - spinal cord thickest where it meets brain,
Has t… f… - points of muscle & ligament …

Canal
Transverse foramen

Attachment

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Thoracic Vertebral Column (chest & upper back)

Articulate with the ribs,
Have limited …

Mobility

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Lumbar Vertebral Column (lower back)

Larger vertebral … - bears more weight

Body

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Functions of the vertebral column

protects … … within vertebral …
supports body’s …
permits …
… absorber (through discs)
provide … points for muscles/ligaments

Spinal cord
Canal

Weight

Movement

Shock

Attachment

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Joints

Are points where 2 or more … meet allowing … & providing … support

Bones

Movement

Mechanical

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Fibrous Joints (fixed) Bones joined by T…, f… tissue No … (e.g. skull)

Tough, fibrous Movement

Cartilaginous Joints Bones joined by … … movement (e.g. between vertebrae)

Cartilage Limited

Synovial Joints (moveable) Freely moveable (e.g. knee), Enclose in a j… c… filled with synovial …

Joint capsule Fluid

Structure of Synovial Joint - articular cartilage - smooth … cartilage covering bone ends - reducing … & absorbing … - synovial membrane - lines inner surface of … capsule - secretes synovial … - synovial fluid - … fluid that … joints & … cartilage - joint capsule - tough fibrous outer layer that encloses & … joints - ligaments - connect bone to bone providing … & … movement - tendons - connect … to bone - transmit force from muscle to bone - enables …

- hyaline - joint, fluid - viscous, lubricates, nourishes - stabilises - stability & limiting - muscle, movement

Types of Synovial Joint movement HINGE - … & … - e.g. elbow, knee BALL & SOCKET - movement in … directions - e.g. hip, shoulder PIVOT - … only - between atlas & axis … GLIDING - … motion - e.g. between … bones in wrists

Flexion & extension All Rotation - vertebrae Sliding - carpal

Flexion … joint angle

Decreasing

Extension … joint angle

Increases

Abduction Movement … from midline

Away

Adduction Movement … midline

Towards

Rotation Bone … around its …

Rotates Axis

Joint function in movement Muscles … to move bones at …, working in … pairs e.g. biceps & triceps Bones act as …, joints act as …

Contract Joints Antagonistic Levers Pivots

Osteoarthritis … wears down -> joint … & … Shows importance of … & synovial …

Cartilage Pain & inflammation Cartilage Fluid

Regions of sarcomere Actin - … filaments Myosin - … filaments Outer edge of A band - overlap of … & … filaments

Thin Thick Thin & thick

Describe how different protein fibres interact to bring about contraction of the sarcomere A) … ions bind to … changing its … B) moves …, exposing binding site to … C) … heads make … bridges to actin by binding to these sites D) … & … are released causing the myosin … to bend E) … joins to … head breaking its cross bridge to … F) actin … slides along …

A) calcium, Troponin, shape B) tropomyosin, actin C) myosin, cross D) ADP & Pi, head E) ATP, myosin, actin F) filaments, myosin

Atrophy is measured in astronauts protein fibres before & after flight. Why is it important that samples are taken from same muscle? M… d… could vary between … & within different …

Myofibril Diameter Individuals Muscles

How does space flight affect maximum force a muscle can generate? Post-flight muscle has bigger … between … & … (broken down) So muscles generate … force

Spaces Actin & myosin Less

X-ray 1 - healthy 18 year old individual male - fractured fibula X-ray 2 - 75 year old female with osteoporosis- fractured femur Why is fracture in x-ray 1 more likely to heal with full recovery than x-ray 2? X-ray 1 - patient is … so more likely … X-ray 2 - patient has … - making new bone … more difficult

Younger Active Osteoporosis Growth

Why is surgery with screws & metal plates more effective than bed rest? Patient would be … more quickly which provides …

Mobile Healing

Differences in type of lever represented when arm is bent & straightened When bicep flexes, … is between f… & … When Tricep flexes, … is between L… & e…

Effort Fulcrum & load Fulcrum Load & effort

When comparing relative strength of 2 muscles, what feature should be controlled? Same a… Same type of … Same g…

Age Exercise Gender

Why do muscles become fatigued after vigorous anaerobic exercise? L… a… is produced, Accumulates in …, Lowers … in muscles, … less effective, & depleted … stores

Lactic acid Muscles pH Enzymes Glycogen

Marathon runners have a high proportion of slow twitch fibres. Advantages? Endurance events are …, Oxygen … does not develop, Longer to reach …,

Aerobic Debt Fatigue

Advantages to have large no. of capillaries around slow twitch fibres Improves … supply Improves … removal Improves … … removal Decreases diffusion … Increase … for …

O2 CO2 Lactic acid Distance S.a. , exchange

Changes that occur to slow twitch fibres during aerobic training Increase no. Of …, Increase … of muscle fibres, Increase in … conc.,

Mitochondria Size Myoglobin

If a muscle fibre contracts how would the ‘zone’ & ‘band’ regions change in appearance? Zone - … Band - … length

Shorten Same

Describe changes that can be seen when a myofibril contracts A band == maximum … of … & …; Because actin … past …; Z-line moves …; H-zone … when actin filaments meet;

Overlap Actin & myosin Slides Myosin Closer Disappears

Which bands would disappear if a fibre has been treated with an enzyme which digests: Actin & myosin Actin - … band Myosin - … band

I A

Polysaccharide found within muscle fibres

Glycogen

What happens to bands I, A, H when a muscle contracts? I - … in width A - … width H - … in width

Decreases Same Decreases

Aerobic Anaerobic High Low Longer Short Slower Quickly More Less

Roles of ATP in muscle contraction … myosin … from actin … site; Return myosin … to orignal position; Pumping … back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Detaching Bridge Binding; Head; Calcium;

How do myosin & actin slide past eachother? C… b… form; Clubbed … of … moves back & forth; … mechanism

Cross bridges Head, myosin Ratchet

Why do muscle fibres have a striated appearance when viewed under a microscope? M… (… filaments) & A… (… filaments)

Myosin - thick Actin - thin

Why are there folds in the membrane of muscle fibres? Transmit … … into … of fibre; So that all … contract at the same time; & increase … - increased …

Nerve impulses Centre Myofibrils s.a. - diffusion

How does the body provide muscles with more oxygen to meet increased oxygen consumption during exercise? … increases - increasing …

Heart rate Blood supply

Explain the increase in lactate levels in a muscle during intense exercise … respiration; … - g… to … which gets … to … by …;

Anaerobic Glycolysis Glucose to pyruvate Reduced Lactate Reduced NAD

Effects of increase in lactate levels in muscles Muscles f… & c…; Lowers …;

Fatigue Cramp pH

Role of Haversian Canal … delivery & … removal

O2 CO2

% of organic & inorganic material in compact bone Organic - … Inorganic - …

30% 70%

Describe how bone remodelling takes place … secrete the matrix - … of bone; … break down bone;

Osteoblasts Ossification Osteoclasts

How can a drug that inhibits osteoclasts be used as a treatment for osteoporosis? … would be more active than …; Bone mineral density would … - less …;

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Increase - fractures

Which is more effective treatment for osteoporosis? Drug that inhibits osteoclasts or oestrogen? [drug]; Treatment with oestrogen reduces the risk of … by only …

Fractures 35%

Treatment for a displaced fracture … + surgery with … / … with …

Realignment Plates Immobilisation with cast

Compare structure & movement of the wrist joint with those found in the fingers Wrist is a … joint; With a … range of movement; Finger is a … joint; Movement in one … - bends & straightens

Gliding Wide Hinge Plane

Describe the role of hyaline cartilage in the elbow joint & how the structure of the joint allows it to perform is function Hyaline cartilage reduces … in joint; The elbow joint moves in one … only (… joint), so the forearms can only move up (…) and move down (…) in relation to the humerus;

Friction Plane (hinge) Flex Extend

Elbow joint cartilage = hyaline, external ear = yellow elastic. Compare the cartilages & explain benefit to each Hyaline has … fibres, yellow elastic has … fibres; Hyaline is firmer to withstand … in the joint; Yellow elastic is more … but maintains …

Collagen Elastin Forces Flexible Shape

Why does it take damaged cartilage long to heal? Cartilage has no …; So … are acquired by …;

Blood vessels Nutrients Diffusion

Why might cases of rickets due to lack of vitamin D have increased over the years? - vitamin D … increases diet - hard to obtain RDI - increased use of … - IPad kids - children spend less time …

Deficiencies Sunblock Outside

Scientists wanted to examine effects of vitamin D supplementation on preventing rickets in children. How to manage the tests + ethical issue Management: Similar …, similar exposure to …, similar d… etc. Ethical: Those without the supplement will be more likely to develop …

Age Sunlight Diet Rickets

State the name of the similar condition to rickets which is seen in adults + explain why it’s less serious …; Adult bones have stopped …;

Osteomalacia Growing

Explain why aerobic respiration takes over from anaerobic respiration during sustained exercise ATP is used first - … stores in muscles is used quickly; Creatine phosphate is then used to … ADP to replenish … stores; Aerobic then takes over from anaerobic because it produces more … & … builds up

Limited Phosphorylate ATP ATP lactate

If an athlete has more fast twitch muscle fibres than slow, which distance are they more suited to? … (… distances)

Sprinting Short

Treatment for flat feet - special … - s…

Shoes Surgery

Interaction between actin & myosin during muscle contraction Myosin … binds to actin forming … …. between; Myosin heads … so actin is pulled past myosin;

Head Cross bridges Bends

Suggest why no tension might be generated when muscle fibres are stimulated to contract - no … between actin & myosin … - no … … form - … cannot get any shorter

Overlap Filaments Cross bridges Sarcomeres

Why are skeletal muscles arranged in antagonistic pairs? Each muscle … to … in each direction so as one … the other … to move the limb

Contracts Pull Contracts Relaxed

Effect of a higher BMI on muscle contraction force Higher BMI = heavier mass to be moved by …; And if BMI is due to increased fat mass, there will be reduced … force production;

Muscle Relative

How does exercise reduce the impact & progression of osteoarthritis? - reduces … - … muscles - increases … of joints

BMI strengthens Flexibility

Inorganic compound that strengths bone H…

Hydroxy-apatite

Structure of bones enabling nutrients to be supplied to osteoblasts & osteoclasts - … canals contain b… v… - … of O2 etc. to osteoblasts/osteoclast cells

Haversian Blood vessels Diffusion

Colour difference between fast & slow twitch fibres Slow fibres are …; Fast fibres are …; Slow have more … than fast;

Red White Myoglobin

When investigating slow & fast twitch fibres in athletes, why might they all have the same age, gender & ethnicity? So that … type is the only variable that changes

Exercise

How to reach a conclusion determining weightlifting as an athletes sport? High % of … twitch muscle fibres; Adapted to … respiration; Because it involves s… intense burst of energy

Fast Anaerobic Short

Functions of vertebral column - f… - p… of … … - s…

Flexibility Protection of spinal cord Support

Treatment to avoid posture issues - s… - p… - … loss - exercise to … muscles

Surgery Physiotherapy Weight Strengthen

Diagnosis for a patient with reduced joint space & cartilage O…

Osteoarthritis

Which cell forms from cartilage? C…

Chondrocytes

Name of compound found in compact bone H… (calcium & phosphate)

Hydroxyapatite

Explain why oestrogen is used as treatment for osteoporosis Oestrogen decreases … activity; So less bone is …;

Osteoclasts Broken down

Treatment for low bone mineral density … supplementation; Increases bone …;

Calcium Formation

Why is standard deviation used for a BMD scan? Compare the results with the …

Mean

Explain how a lack of calcium could cause poor muscle contraction? Less calcium binds to … so no … change; So less … is moved; Exposing less … binding sites (on …); Resulting in less … exerted;

Troponin Shape; Tropomyosin; Myosin (actin); Force;

Muscoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards

(96 cards)