Inheritance

Question 1

Gene

a length of … on a … that codes for a specific …

Answer 1

DNA

Chromosome

Polypeptide

Question 2

Locus

a specific position on a … where a … is located

Answer 2

Chromosome

Gene

Question 3

Alleles

… forms of the same …

Answer 3

Different
Gene

Question 4

Co-dominant

alleles that are … expressed in a …

Answer 4

Equally

Heterozygote

Question 5

Phenotype

… of an organism from both its … & the effects of the …

Answer 5

Characteristic

Genotype

Environment

Question 6

Genotype

… make up of an organism

i.e. it’s …

Answer 6

Genetic

Alleles

Question 7

Homozygous

both alleles for a gene are …

Answer 7

Identical

Question 8

Heterozygous

both alleles for a gene are …

Answer 8

Different

Question 9

F1 generation

the … of the parents in a …

Answer 9

Offspring
Genetic cross

Question 10

F2 generation

offspring of an F1 plant that is …
OR
… between 2 members of the … generation

Answer 10

Self fertilised
Cross
F1

Question 11

Sex chromosomes

chromosomes that determine the … of an organism

Answer 11

Sex

Question 12

Autosomes

chromosomes that are not … chromosomes

Answer 12

Sex

Question 13

Principles of Mendelian Inheritance

… studied inheritance of characteristics in … plants because they are … to grow & have many distinguishable…

Answer 13

Gregor Mendel

Pea
Easy
Characteristics

Question 14

Monohybrid Inheritance

inheritance of a single …

Answer 14

Gene

Question 15

Dihybrid Inheritance

inheritance of … characteristics

Answer 15

2

Question 16

Important of Meiosis

meiosis brings about … in … reproduced offspring

3 ways:
- fusion of … - 2 haploid gametes fuse during … which created a unique … combination
- … assortment - homologous chromosomes are … distributed during … I so daughter cells contain varied combinations of …
- … over - … I, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at the … - new … & separates … genes

Answer 16

Variation
Sexually

1) gametes
Fertilisation
Genetic

2) independent
Randomly metaphase
Chromosomes

3) crossing
Prophase
Chiasmata
Combinations
Linked

Question 17

Sex Linkage

… on the X/Y …

x = …, carries more … than Y

fathers pass X linked traits to …, mothers can pass to both son & daughter

Y linked traits only appear in …
Y chromosomes has no …

Answer 17

Genes
Chromosome

Larger
Genes
Daughters

Males
Alleles

Question 18

Genetic Traits

= characteristics of an organism as a result of … expression and/or the …

Answer 18

Gene
Environment

Question 19

Sex linked RECESSIVE alleles are:

carried on … sex chromosome

expressed in females if both X chromosome carry the … (homozygous recessive)

always expressed in … - Y chromosome does not have homologous … for the gene

Answer 19

X

Allele

Male

Loci

Question 20

Mutations

= change in the …/… of genetic material (DNA/RNA) in a cell

They are:
…
Source of …
Occur during … over (prophase I) or … (anaphase)

Answer 20

Amount
Sequence

Spontaneous
Variation
Crossing
Disjunction

Question 21

Gene mutation

= change in the … of genetic material at a single …

e.g. sickle cell anaemia

Answer 21

Sequence
Loci

Question 22

Chromosome mutation

= change in the … of … in a organisms

• polyploid - additional complete … of chromosomes
  e.g. wheat
• additional chromosomes - … (anaphase), pair of … chromosomes fail to …
  e.g. Down syndrome

Answer 22

Number
Chromosomes
Sets
Non-disjunction
Homologous
Seperate

Question 23

Gene vs Chromosomal Mutation

Gene - affects single … in a gene
Chromosomal - affect multiple …

Answer 23

Base
Genes

Question 24

Mutagens

… rate of mutation

by:
- ionising … e.g. gamma, UV, x-ray
- … e.g. polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke

Answer 24

Increase

Radiation

chemicals

Question 25

Carcinogens = a … that causes …

Answer 25

Mutagen Cancer

Question 26

Oncogenes = cause … cell … - forms … protons-oncogenes can … to become oncogenes

Answer 26

Increase Division Cancer Mutate

Question 27

Gene Expression information from a … that is used to synthesise a … product e.g. protein

Answer 27

Gene Functional

Question 28

Epigenetics control of gene … by factors other than change in the DNA … e.g. the environments

Answer 28

Expressions Sequence

Question 29

Explain why some offspring phenotypes are more common and some can be rarer than EXPECTED common phenotypes are due to … rarer phenotypes are due to … over

Answer 29

Linkage Crossing over

Question 30

What cross is used to test whether an organism has the correct genotype? … cross (Cross with … …)

Answer 30

Test Homozygous recessive

Question 31

Null Hypothesis there is no … difference between the … & … numbers

Answer 31

Significant Observed Expected

Question 32

Accept Null Hypothesis because chi^2 is … than the … value (at 0.05) Deviation is due to … alone

Answer 32

Less Critical Chance

Question 33

Reject Null Hypothesis because chi^2 is … than the … value (at 0.05) deviation is … due to … alone - external factors

Answer 33

Greater Critical Not Chance

Question 34

Explain how a mutation can cause a change in an organisms phenotype 1. Change in … sequence of a … 2. which can cause a change in … structure 3. Which may render is …, gain/lose … function, or have no effect (…) 4. Altered protein can cause a change to an organism’s …

Answer 34

Base Gene Protein Non-functional Original Silent Phenotype