Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physical Education > Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat.
commonly called the pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

this node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

systole

A

when the heart contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bundle of His

A

a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AV node via the bundle branches to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

purkinje fibres

A

muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sympathetic system

A

a part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parasympathetic

A

a part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chemoreceptors

A

tiny structures in the carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

baroreceptors

A

special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adrenaline

A

a stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes and increase in heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diastole phase

A

when the heart relaxes to fill with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger; also can mean a larger ventricular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bradycardia

A

a decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

atherosclerosis

A

occurs when the arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

atheroma

A

a fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

angina

A

chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stroke

A

occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

steady state

A

where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cardiovascular drift
a progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, together with a progressive rise in heart rate. occurs during prolonged exercise (after 10 mins) in a warm environment, possibly due to sweating (lost fluid volume comes from plasma in the blood, this decrease in plasma volume will reduce venous return and stroke volume
26
blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
27
systolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting
28
diastolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing
29
venous return
the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
30
haemoglobin
a iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
31
myoglobin
iron-containing pigment in slow-twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. stores the oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins
32
mitochondria
power of the cell site of aerobic respiration energy productions occurs there
33
bohr shift
when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
34
vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of cardiac output
35
vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries
36
vasocontriction
narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries
37
arterio-venous difference
the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
38
diffusion
the movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure
39
gaseous exchange
the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air
40
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out per breath
41
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
42
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
43
residual volume
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
44
minute ventilation
volume of air breathed in or out per minute
45
spirometer
a device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
46
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
a chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. it is a long term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath. smoking increases the risk of COPD
47
motor unit
a motor neurone and its muscle fibres
48
motor neurones
nerve cells which transmit the brain's instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles
49
neuromuscular junction
where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet
50
all or none law
where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. if not, none of them contract
51
wave summation
where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs, rather than twitches
52
tectanic contraction
a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli
53
spatial summation
when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of muscle's motor units
54
55
muscle spindles
these detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stetched and produce the stretch reflex
56
golgi tendon organs
these are activated when there is tension in a muscle
57
isometric contraction
where there is tension in a muscle but no visible movement
58
autogenic inhibition
where there is a sudden relaxtion of the muscle in reponse to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are golgi tendon organs
59
articulating
this refers to the bones that meet and move at the joint
60
sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left halves
61
frontal plane
divides the body into front and back halves
62
transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower halves
63
transervse axis
runs from side to side across the body
64
sagittal axis
runs from front to back
65
longitudinal axis
runs from top to bottom
66
flexion
decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
67
extension
increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
68
plantar-flexion
increasing the angle at the ankle pointing the toes/pushing up on your toes
69
dorsi-flexion
decreasing the angle at the ankle pulling the toes up to the shin
70
hyper-extension
increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint
71
abduction
movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
72
adduction
movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
73
horizontal abduction
movement of a limb forwards while it is held parallel to the ground
74
horizontal adduction
movement of a limb backwards while it is held parallel to the ground
75
agonist
the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occuring
76
antagonist
the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce a co-ordinated movement)
77
isotonic contraction
when a muscle contracts to create a movement
78
concentric contraction
when a muscle shortens under tension
79
eccentric contraction
when a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake
80
adeonsine triphosphate (ATP)
the only usable form of energy in the body
81
glycolysis
a process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy
82
sacroplasm
the fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibre and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place
83
krebs cycle
a series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondrion
84
electron transport chain
involves a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced
85
phosphocreatine (PC)
an energy-rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
86
anaerobic
a reaction that can occur without the presence of oxygen
87
coupled reaction
when energy required by one process is supplied by another process
88
anaerobic glycolytic system
produces high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as 400 m
89
oxygen consumption
the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
90
VO2 max
the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
91
sub-maximal oxygen deficit
when there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
92
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
the amount of oxygen during above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time
93
fast component
the the restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen
94
the cori cycle
the process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen
95
slow component
longer lasting component of EPOC involving oxygen consumption to provide energy to remove lactic acid
96
lactate threshold
the point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
97
onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
the point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre
98
direct gas analysis
measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired
99
cycle ergometer
a stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed
100
the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
the ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed
101
altitude training
usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
102
plyometrics
involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power

Physical Education (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions