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skill acquisition Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

skill

A

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

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2
Q

open skill

A

a skill performed in an unpredictable environment

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3
Q

closed skill

A

a skill performed in predictable environment

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4
Q

gross skill

A

a skill that uses large muscle groups

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5
Q

fine skill

A

a skill that uses smaller muscle groups

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6
Q

self-paced skill

A

when the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill

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7
Q

externally paced skill

A

when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill

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8
Q

discrete skill

A

a skill that has a clear beginning and end

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9
Q

serial skill

A

a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement

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10
Q

continuous skill

A

no clear beginning and end

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11
Q

low organised skill

A

a skill that is easily broken into parts

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12
Q

high organised skill

A

a skill that is not easily broken into parts

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13
Q

simple skill

A

a skill that requires few decisions when being performed

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14
Q

complex skill

A

a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed

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15
Q

positive transfer

A

when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another

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16
Q

negative transfer

A

when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another

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17
Q

zero transfer

A

when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another

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18
Q

bilateral transfer

A

when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb

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19
Q

whole practice

A

practising the skill in its entirety

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20
Q

whole-part-whole practice

A

assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together

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21
Q

progressive part practice

A

practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually
sometimes called chaining

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22
Q

massed practice

A

no rest intervals during the practice session

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23
Q

distributed practice

A

rest intervals are given during the praactice session

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24
Q

varied practice

A

changing the practice type and the practice drills

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25
mental practice
going over the skill in the mind without movement
26
cognitive stage of learning
the first stage of learning used by a novice understanding and sub-routines are explored by trail and error
27
associative stage of learning
the second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performed is smoother
28
autonomous stage of learning
the final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific
29
positive feedback
encouragement entails information about what was good
30
negative feedback
error correction and bad habits eliminated
31
extrinsic feedback
from an outside source like coach
32
instrinsic feedback
from within interal feeling using sense of kinaesthesis
33
knowledge of results
concerns the outcome
34
knowledge of performance
concerned about technique
35
learning plateau
a period during performance when there are no signs of improvement; performer does not appear to be getting any better at doing the task stage 1 - learning rate is slow and performanc level is low stage 2 - rapid acceleration of learning stage 3 - no improvement stage 4 - period towards end of task, performance deteriorate
36
visual guidance
guidance that can be seen eg - demostration
37
verbal guidance
using words to explain a task
38
manual guidance
physically supporting a performer during a movement
39
mechanical guidance
using artificial aids to help a performance
40
operant conditioning
the use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
41
42
satisfier
an action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
43
annoyer
an action that create unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
44
positive reinforcement
a pleasant stimulus after the correct response
45
negative reinforcement
taking away unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
46
punishment
an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
47
observational learning
suggest that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching and then copying other people using 4 processes; attention, retention, motor production, motivation
48
attention
making the demonstration attractive to the performer
49
retention
remembering the demonstration and being ableto recall it
50
motor production
having the mental and physical ability to do the task
51
motivation
having the drive to do the task
52
vygotsky social development theory
learning by association with others
53
inter-psychological learning
learning from others externally
54
intra-psychological learning
learnings from within after gaining external knowledge from others
55
vygotsky: construcivism
building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
56
zone of proximal development
the next stage of learning based on the performer's needs, expectations and current level of performance
57
gestalt insight learning
using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
58
information processing
the methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
59
input stage
information picked up by the senses
60
display
the sporting environment
61
kinesthesis
the inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
62
selective attention
filerting relevant information from irrelevant information
63
stimuli
the important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball
64
perception
the process of coding and interpreting sensory information
65
translatory mechanism
adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made
66
effector mechanism
the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles
67
central executive
the control centre of working memory model, it uses three other 'systems' to control all the information moving in and out of the memory system
68
phonological loop
deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace
69
visuospatial sketchpad
used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
70
episodic buffer
co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory
71
chunking
breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines
72
motor programmes
a set if movements stored in the memory that specify the components of a skill
73
schema theory: recall schema
initiates movement, comes before the action initial conditions and response specification
74
initial conditions
information from the environment eg- position on the court
75
response specification
information about what to do eg- how far nearest player is?/ type of pass needed/ how far to pass the ball?
76
schema theory: recognition schema
controls movement, happens during the action sensory consequences and response outcome
77
sensory consequences
information about the feel of the movement eg- grip of equipment/ feeling of movement of arm
78
79
response outcome
feedback about the result
80
reaction time
the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response
81
movement time
the time taken to complete the task
82
response time
the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task response time = reaction time + movement time
83
hick's law
reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
84
psychological refractory period
a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
85
anticipation
pre-judging a stimulus
86
temporal anticipation
when it is going to happen
87
spatial anticipation
where and what is going to happen

Physical Education (3 decks)

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