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Clinical Physiology 2 > Applied Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Applied Physiology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main fates of food from the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Supply energy
Serve as building blocks
Storage – Future use

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2
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

1 of 6 basic life processes | Sum of chemical processes in the body
results from the balance of anabolic & catabolic reactions

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3
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

Breakdown of complex chemical substances
into smaller components
Eating food causes breakdown of proteins into amino acids

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4
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Amino acids are used to anabolise (build) new proteins used to form muscle & bone

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5
Q

What the energy molecule that couples the two types of anabolic & catabolic reactions?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What is oxidation in regards to oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

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7
Q

What is reduction in regards to oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

The addition of electrons to a molecule

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8
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

Creation of glycogen

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9
Q

Glucose not needed immediately is stored as glycogen. True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Stored glycogen broken down when ATP is needed for body activities

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11
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose formed from proteins or glycerol portion of triglycerides, lactic acid & certain amino acids

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12
Q

What is carbohydrate loading?

A

Precise dietary regimen that involves consuming large amounts of complex carbohydrates to maximise the amount of glycogen available for ATP production

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13
Q

What are Lipoproteins?

A

Proteins produced by the liver and intestines are used of transporters

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14
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

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15
Q

What are the function of fatty acids?

A

Used to synthesise triglycerides & phospholipids or catalysed to generate ATP

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16
Q

What are the function of Triglycerides? (fats and oils)

A

Protection, insulation, energy storage

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17
Q

What are the function of Phospholipids?

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

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18
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes, precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, & steroid hormones

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19
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Digestion & absorption of dietary lipids

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20
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Helps regulate calcium in the body; needed for bone growth and repair

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21
Q

What is the function of Adrenocortical hormones?

A

Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, & salt and water balance

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22
Q

What is the function of sex hormones?

A

Stimulate reproductive functions & sexual characteristics

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23
Q

What is the function of Eicosanoids? (prostaglandins & Leukotrienes)

A

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, & smooth muscle contraction.

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24
Q

What is the function of Carotenes?

A

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, function as antioxidants

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25
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Promote wound healing, prevent tissue scarring, contributes to normal structure & function of nervous system, & functions as antioxidant
26
What is the function of Vitamin K?
Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins
27
What is the function of Lipoproteins?
Transport lipids in blood, carry triglycerides &cholesterol two tissues, & remove excess cholesterol from blood
28
Triglycerides constitute what percentage of all body energy reserves?
98%
29
Adipose tissue is used to remove triglycerides from chylomicrons & VLDLs. True or False
True
30
What is Lipid catabolism (lipolysis)?
Splitting triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerol
30
What is Lipid anabolism (lipogenesis)?
Synthesising lipids from glucose or amino acids
31
What is Ketosis?
Metabolic state characterised by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine
32
What is a Ketogenic diet (KD) ?
Person reaches a ratio of 4 portions of fat to 1 portion of protein with carbohydrate (4:1). KD ratio increases weekly from 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 to 4:1
33
Discuss standard diet and epilepsy
Glucose diffuses through blood brain barrier quickly (GLUT 1/4) Glucose metabolism produces rapid energy necessary for seizure activity
34
Discuss ketogenic diet and epilepsy
KD & epilepsy KD promotes low blood glucose Brain uses ketone bodies as primary energy source – Anaerobic metabolism Reduction in energy availability - Reduces seizures
35
What is the function of structural proteins?
Form structural framework of various parts of the body e.g. collagen in bone
36
What is the function Regulatory protein?
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth & development; as neurotransmitters, mediate response of nervous system (e.g. the hormone insulin regulates blood glucose level)
37
What is the function of a contractile protein?
Help shortening of muscle cells to produce movement (e.g. actin & myosin)
38
What is the function of immunological proteins?
Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens (e.g. antibodies).
39
What is the function of transport proteins?
Carry vital substances throughout the body (e.g. haemoglobin)
40
What is the function of catalytic proteins?
Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions (e.g. salivary amylase)
41
What does Protein anabolism (synthesis) do?
Creates new proteins by bonding together amino acids on ribosomes
42
What is sarcopenia?
The involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength, & function
43
What is Protein supplementation?
Proposed as an effective dietary strategy to augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in elderly people
44
What is the minimum protein intake?
Minimum protein intake required to prevent muscle mass loss in persons with sarcopenia: 1.0 - 1.5g of protein/kg/d
45
Which chemicals are extremely important in metabolism?
glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid & acetyl coenzyme A
46
What does Glucose 6-phosphate do?
Synthesis of glycogen Release of glucose into the bloodstream Synthesis of nucleic acids Enables glycolysis
47
What does Pyruvic acid do?
Production of lactic acid Production of alanine – source of energy for muscles Gluconeogenesis
48
What does Acetyl coenzyme A do?
Facilitates 2-carbon acetyl groups to enter the Krebs cycle Synthesis of lipids
49
How many hours after the last meal, the absorption of nutrients is nearly complete?
approx 4 hours
50
What is fasting?
Going without food for several hours or a few days
51
What is starvation?
Going without food or inadequate food intake for weeks or months
52
Fasting & starvation increase the production of ketone bodies as catabolism of fatty acids increases. True or false
True
53
What is the Basal metabolic rate? (BMR)
Metabolic rate the body in a quiet, resting & fasting state
54
What factors affect heat and energy balance?
Exercise Hormones Body Temperature Ingestion of food Nervous system age other - i.e sleep, gender, climate, malnutrition
55
What area is the body's thermostat?
hypothalamus
56
Paraventricular nucleus controls hunger. True or false
True
57
Leptin (hormone) helps to decrease adiposity . True or false
True
58
What is total energy expenditure based on?
Total energy expenditure is based on: Basal metabolic rate (60%) Physical activity (30–35%) Food-induced thermogenesis (5–10%)
59
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements that play important roles in maintaining a healthy body
60
What are vitamins?
Nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism Most cannot be synthesized by the body & must be consumed in foods
61
What is emotional eating?
Eating in response to stress, boredom, or tiredness Common to most people – Considered normal behaviour (within limits) Can lead to eating disorders – Obesity, hypertension, anorexia, bulimia Eating provides a biochemical ‘fix’ Excessive carbohydrate intake raises brain serotonin concentration Provides feelings of relaxation
62
In adults, body fluids make up what percentage of the total body mass?
55-65%
63
What allows continuous exchange of water & solutes among body fluid compartments?
Filtration, reabsorption, diffusion & osmosis
64
What do Ions do?
Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments Help maintain the acid-base balance Carry electrical current Are expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter (mEq/liter)
65
The pH of arterial blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 | Regulated by?
Buffer systems - Protein buffer system, Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system Haemoglobin Exhalation of CO2 Kidney excretion of H+
66
What is the function of the Hypothalamus with regards to fluid?
Stimulate desire to drink fluids | Water gained to quench thirst
67
What is the function of the Angiotensin II with regards to fluid?
Stimulates secretion of aldosterone | Reduces loss of water in urine
68
What is the function of Aldosterone with regards to fluid?
Increases reabsorption of sodium & chloride via osmosis | Reduces loss of water in urine
69
What is the function of Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) with regards to fluid?
Promote elevated urinary excretion of sodium & chloride | Increases loss of water in urine
70
What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) with regards to fluid?
Promote insertion of water channel proteins in collecting ducks of kidneys | Increased water reabsorption
71
What is the correct sequence of events associated with the oxidation of glucose?
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl co-enzyme A, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
72
The ketogenic diet aims for a person to reach what ratio of fat to protein portions?
4:1
73
What are common risk factors for sarcopenia?
-Genetics - Old age - Chronic conditions - Inflammation - Mitochondrial dysfunction - Abdominal obesity - Physical inability/disability - Poor diet
74
During the absorptive state, hepatocytes perform what?
- Converted glucose to glycogen - Package fatty acids and triglycerides into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)
75
What are the major classes of nutrients essential for growth, maintenance & repair?
- Carbohydrates - Proteins - Fats - Water - Vitamins - Minerals
76
Emotional eating may give rise to a biochemical ‘fix’ of which neurochemical?
Seratonin

Clinical Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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