Hormones, Transport and Control

Question 1

What are the 3 main types of hormones?

Answer 1

Amino acid base
Steroids
Eicosanoids

Question 2

What are hormones?

Answer 2

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids

Question 3

What is the function of hormones?

Answer 3

Regulate the metabolic function of other cells

Question 4

What do hormones do?

Answer 4

Target specific tissues with specific receptors known as target cells and induce cellular changes

Question 5

What cellular changes do hormones produce?

Answer 5

One or more of the following:

Alter plasma membrane permeability
Stimulate protein synthesis
Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis

Question 6

Name some amino based hormones?

Answer 6

Amines, peptide & protein hormones

Question 7

Name some steroid hormones?

Answer 7

Gonadal & adrenocortical hormones

Question 8

Name some Eicosanoids (lipid based) hormones?

Answer 8

Leukotrienes & prostaglandins

Question 9

Hormones circulate the blood in what 2 forms?

Answer 9

Water - soluble - Free form
Lipid soluble - Bound to transport proteins

Question 10

What do the concentration of hormones in our blood reflect?

Answer 10

Rate of release
Speed of inactivation and removal from the body

Question 11

How are hormones removed from the blood?

Answer 11

Degrading enzymes
The kidneys
Liver enzyme systems

Question 12

What are second messengers?

Answer 12

Intracellular molecules released by the cell after exposure to extracellular signalling molecules

Question 13

What are the types of second messenger?

Answer 13

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Gases

Question 14

Name examples of Hydrophobic hormones?

Answer 14

Diacylglycerol | Phosphatidylinositols

Question 15

Name examples of Hydrophilic hormones?

Answer 15

cAMP | cGMP | IP3 | Ca2+

Question 16

Name examples of Gases - hormones?

Answer 16

Nitric oxide | Hydrogen sulphide | Carbon monoxide

Question 17

What is Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ?

Answer 17

Second messenger for regulation of metabolism

Question 18

cAMP activates protein kinases. true or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What is Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) used for?

Answer 19

Used for cell signalling

Question 20

What does IP3 trigger release of?

Answer 20

Ca2+ stores

Question 21

Hormones circulate around all tissues but only activate target cells. True or false?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone to bind with. True or false?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Where is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor found?

Answer 23

Only found on certain cells of the adrenal cortex

Question 24

Where are Thyroxine receptors found?

Answer 24

Found on nearly all cells of the body
Associated with the regulation of metabolism

Question 25

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on .. where?

Answer 25

the plasma membrane

Question 26

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors .. where?

Answer 26

inside target cells

Question 27

Target cell activation depends on what factors?

Answer 27

Concentration of hormone in blood Influence exerted by other hormones Number of receptors on the target cell The affinity of those receptors for the hormone Permissive, synergistic & antagonistic effects

Question 28

What are the 3 types of hormone interaction?

Answer 28

Permissive Synergistic Antagonists

Question 29

What are permissive hormone interactions?

Answer 29

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present |Oestrogen & progesterone

Question 30

What are synergistic hormone interactions?

Answer 30

More than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell | Adrenaline & noradrenaline

Question 31

What are Antagonists hormone interactions?

Answer 31

One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone |Insulin & glucagon

Question 32

Concentration of hormones in blood are controlled by...

Answer 32

negative feedback systems

Question 33

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what stimuli?

Answer 33

humoral, neural, hormonal

Question 34

What is Humoral stimuli?

Answer 34

Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions & nutrients

Question 35

What is Hormonal stimuli?

Answer 35

Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

Question 36

What is Neural stimuli?

Answer 36

Nerve fibres stimulate hormone release

Question 37

Does hormone release adhere to negative feedback?

Answer 37

Yes