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Clinical Physiology 2 > Neuroendocrine 1 > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine 1 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are Neurohormones?

A

Secreted into the blood by neurons

Examples - Growth hormone, thyroxine

All have receptors on many tissues

Stimulate pathways for growth

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2
Q

What forms the master endocrine controller?

A

Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland

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3
Q

The hypothalamus is a major link between what systems?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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4
Q

Pituitary attached to hypothalamus by what?

A

infundibulum

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5
Q

What are the regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Divided into regions:
Anterior (preoptic)

Anterior (supraoptic)

Central (tuberal)

Posterior (mammillary)

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6
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Appetite/Metabolism
Blood pressure and heart rate
Childbirth
Circadian Rhythm
Digestion
Emotions
Hydration
Reproductive system
Thermoregulation

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7
Q

Neurohormones are secreted into the blood by what?

A

Neurons

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8
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones: anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What is Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) comprised of and what is its function?

A

Comprised of glandular tissue
Synthesis & secretion of hormones
Anterior lobe has a vascular connection to the hypothalamus - Hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

What does the Hypophyseal portal system consists of?

A

Primary capillary plexus

Hypophyseal portal veins

Secondary capillary plexus

No direct neural contact with the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) comprised of and what is its function?

A

Neural tissue & the infundibulum
Functions
Receives, stores & releases hormones from the hypothalamus
Does not synthesise hormones

The posterior lobe is a down-growth of hypothalamic neural tissue
Connected to the hypothalamus

Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

These hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary

Hormones are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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12
Q

What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin – synthesised by?

A

supraoptic nucleus

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13
Q

What is Oxytocin (OT) – synthesised by?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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14
Q

What is the order of release for ADH?

A

ADH (Production)
ADH (Release)
Kidneys, sweat glands, circulatory system
Water balance

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15
Q

What is the order of release for Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin (Production)
Oxytocin (Release)
Female reproductive system
Uterine contractions during birth

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16
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

9

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17
Q

Hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary into what?

A

Posterior hypophyseal veins

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18
Q

The posterior pituitary lobe synthesises hormones. True or false

A

False

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19
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

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A

synthesises & releases hormones
Inhibiting hormones shut off the synthesis & release of hormones
Regulated by negative feedback
Hypothalamic hormones transported by hypophyseal portal system

Anterior pituitary secretes two types of hormones:
Trophic – Stimulate growth in target tissues
Tropic - Act upon another endocrine gland

20
Q

What are the two types of hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

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A

Trophic – Stimulate growth in target tissues
Tropic - Act upon another endocrine gland

21
Q

What is prolactin (PRL)?

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A

Promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
Promotes ductal growth of breast
Inhibited by dopamine – Antagonist

22
Q

What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ?

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A

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex

23
Q

Where is cortisol released from?

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A

Cortisol released from zona fasciculata

24
Q

What is cortisol?

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A

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone

Increases:
Blood glucose

Blood flow

Blood pressure

25
What is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
3 variants α-MSH – Most researched β-MSH µ-MSH MSH targets melanocytes Stimulated by UV light Responsible for change in pigmentation
26
What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones Stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) of hypothalamus Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Thyroid hormones underpin metabolic rate
27
What is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) FSH cause ovaries to initiate development of oocytes (immature eggs) FSH stimulates testicular growth
28
What is Luteinizing hormone (LH) ?
Ovaries stimulate ovulation Ovaries release oestrogen & progesterone Underpin female maturation Responsible for female characteristics Testes stimulate testosterone production Testes stimulates the release of androgens - Testosterone Underpin maturation in males Responsible for male characteristics
29
What do ovaries release?
oestrogen & progesterone
30
What is Human growth hormone (hGH)?
Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHrH) of hypothalamus Inhibited by somatostatin hGH stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from the liver IGF promotes growth & protein synthesis
31
What is the function of prolactin?
Milk secretion by mammary glands Ductal growth of breast Initiation & maintenance of lactation
32
What is the primary function of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
Secretion of thyroid hormones
33
What is Oxytocin?
Target breasts & uterus during & after childbirth Stimulant for uterine contraction Enhances smooth muscle contraction in wall of uterus Regulated by a positive feedback mechanism to oxytocin in the blood Mechanical stimulus provided from suckling infant Triggers milk ejection (‘letdown’ reflex)
34
What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Also known as vasopressin (AVP)?
Prevents dehydration or water overload 3 major targets - the kidneys, sweat glands, blood vessels Low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors Inhibition of osmoreceptors reduces or stops ADH secretion
35
How do Antidiuretic hormone & the kidneys work?
Prevents dehydration or water overload Prevents urine formation through increased uptake of water to blood Inserts aquaporin-2 in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephron
36
How do Antidiuretic hormone & the sweat glands work?
Decreased secretion from sweat glands Promotes water retention
37
How do Antidiuretic hormone & blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction of arterioles Increases blood pressure Cardiac atrial stretch receptor & baroreceptors feedback to hypothalamus
38
What is the ADH feedback mechanism?
Osmoreceptors monitor the solute concentration of the blood High solutes ADH synthesised & released | Preserves water Low solutes ADH not released | Increased water loss
39
What is ‘Broken the seal’ ?
Frequent urination following consumption of alcohol Direct response to decreased ADH secretion
40
Explain Excessive water loss and alcohol?
Cause of dehydration associated with a hangover
41
Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesised by what?
Supraoptic nucleus
42
What are neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary stimulated in response to?
High blood osmotic pressure
43
What is hydronephrosis?
A condition where one or both kidneys become stretched & swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them
44
What are the different grades are hydronephrosis?
Grade 1 (mild) – Mild renal pelvis dilation (anteroposterior diameter less than 10 mm in without dilation of the calyces nor parenchymal atrophy Grade 2 (mild) – Moderate renal pelvis dilation (between 10 and 15 mm in fetuses, including a few calyces Grade 3 (moderate) – Renal pelvis dilation with all calyces uniformly dilated. Normal renal parenchyma Grade 4 (severe) – As grade 3 but with thinning of the renal parenchyma
45
What is Diabetes insipidus?
Causes polydipsia (extreme thirst) & polyuria (excess urine output) 2 major causes Neurogenic - Tumour/damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary Decreased synthesis & release of ADH Nephrogenic - Renal receptor pathology Synthesis & release of ADH normal Excessively dilute urine – Up to 20 litres per day

Clinical Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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