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PAPER 2 > APPROACHES > Flashcards

APPROACHES Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 thoeries within The Learning Approach

A
  • Behaviourism

- SLT

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2
Q

What are the key Fetures of the behaviourist appraoch

A
  • All bahviour is learned from experience

- All born as blank slates

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of behavioural approaches

A
  • Classical

- Operant

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4
Q

What is Classical Conditioning

A

Learning via association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a response

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5
Q

What is Stimulus Generalisation

A

Transfer of behaviour from one stimulus to another that is similar in nature

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6
Q

What is Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhabit the response to all other stimulus

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7
Q

Who caried out research into Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov 1927

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8
Q

What happens before conditioning

A
  • Food (US) leads to salivation (UR)

- Bell (NS) produces no response

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9
Q

What happens during Conditioning

A

Food (US) + Bell (NS) = Salivation

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10
Q

What happens After Conditioning

A

Bell (CS) = Salivation (CR)

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11
Q

What is Operant Conditioning

A

This is Learning Via consequences such as reward and punishment

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12
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement

A

Occurs when behaviour leads to gaining a reward E.g food palet

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13
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement

A

Occurs when behaviour switches off an unpleasant stimulus E.g a lound noise

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14
Q

What is Punishment

A

Occurs when behaviour leads to an unpleasant outcome such as an eletric shock

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15
Q

Who carried out Research into Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner 1953

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16
Q

What was Skinners Procedure

A
  • rat pressed button=learn consequence=Positive Reinforcement
  • loud noise turned off by pressing lever =Negative Reinforcement
  • both leads to increase of lever pressing
  • electric shock every time rat pressed lever=punishment
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17
Q

What is a strength of the evaluation of the Learning approch the Behaviourist Approach

A

-Classicial Conditioning lead to development of new treatment anxiety. E.g., Systematic Desensitisation now effective for phobias=has real life applications

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18
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Evaluation of the learning approach The Behaviourist Approach

A
  • Systematic Desensitization is costly and time consuming. E.g., takes 6-8 weeks session for therapy to be successful=more cost-effective treatments such as flooding.
  • Skinner done in lab=lack ecological validity=not generaliseable.
  • Behavioural Approach accused ignoring other factors.E.g., the approach ignores cognitive approach=environmentally reductionist
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19
Q

What is SLT

A

Where we learn thorough observation

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20
Q

Define Imitation

A

Copying the Behaviour of a role model

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21
Q

Define Modelling

A

Learning that Involves observations of Actions.

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22
Q

Define Identification

A

A connection between a child and a role model often based on perscieved similarities.

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23
Q

Define Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Learning takes place through observing the consequence of role models in terms of rewards or punishments

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24
Q

who carried out research into SLT

A

Bandura 1961

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25
What was the aim of Banduras study
to find out if children learnt aggressive behaviour by observing adults acting in an aggressive manner.
26
What was Banduras Procedure
- sample of 72 children | - 24 children into 3 conditions 12 boys 12 girls
27
What happed in all 3 of Banduras Conditions
Condtion 1= adult attacked the doll Conditon 2=same procedure adult did not attack doll Condition 3=no adult model at all
28
What is a limitation of Evalution of Learning Approach SLT
-Criticised wide use of experimental methods. E.g., studies well controlled and replicable where some are not which doubts relaibility adn validity of findings= Unscientific
29
What is a strength of Evalution of Learning Approach SLT
- most ppl watch voilent games and TV= Too Simplistic to say SLT is the cuase of Crime= May be Biological factors wether someone is violent or not - increased understanding of human development. E,g., Akers found risk of someone being crimianl increased when exposed to model= SLT has had positive impacts on society.
30
What is the Psychodynamic Approach
Unconscious thoughts that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and exprience.
31
Who came up with the Psychodynamic Approach
Freud (1904)
32
What is the role of the Unconscious
determines most of our behavior
33
what were Frueds 3 levels of thought to explain behaviour
- The Conscious - The Pre-Conscious - The Unconscious
34
What is the Conscious
The part of the brian that we can access
35
What is the Pre-conscious
Made up of thoughts that may resurface into the Conscious.
36
what is the Unconscious
The primary source of human behavior.
37
What is the Structure Of Personality
Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego.
38
What is the Id
primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.
39
What is the super-ego
ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.
40
What is the Ego
perception of the external world.
41
What are Defence Mechanisms
A Strategy to reduce anxiety
42
What are the 3 Defence Mechanism
- Repression - Denial - Displacement
43
What is Repression
unpleasant thoughts or memories are pushed from the conscious mind.
44
What is Denial
the conscious refusal to perceive that painful facts exist.
45
What is Discplacement
a person redirects a negative emotion from its original source
46
How does Repression have an Effect on Behaviour
Repression of emotions can cause anxiety, stress and depression.
47
How does Denial have an Effect on Behaviour
48
How does Displacement have an Effect on Behaviour
may allow an individual temporarily to 'cut-off' attention from a threatening stimulus.
49
Who came Up with the idea Of Defence Mechanisms
Anna Freud
50
What are Psychosexual stages
A series of stages that every individual develops through from birth to puberty.
51
What is Fixation
Conflict During Development through a psychosexual stage. Individual Becomes stuck in that stage.
52
What are the 5 stages in Psychosexual Stages
- Oral 0-18 months - Anal 18m-3y - Phallic 3-6y - Latency 6- - genital Puberty+
53
What is the Oral Stage
infant gets most of their pleasure from their mouth. This is associated with behaviors like eating and thumb-sucking.
54
What is the Anal Stage
focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
55
What is the Phallic Stage
focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females
56
What is the Latency Stage
Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.
57
What is the Genital Stage
individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex.
58
What are 2 limitations Of the Psychodynamic Approach
- Use of Case Studies. E.g., Little Hans= Individual= Might not generalise to others - Contradicting Evidence for the Psychoanalysis. E.g., Eysenck found 66% success 70% not receiving the same treatment recovered=T.S.T Could be down ot Spontaneous recovery
59
What is a strength To the Psychodynamic Approach
-Approach important in later development. E.g., children right reform= Children should be nurtured.
60
What the 4 basic Assumptions of the Humanistic Approach
- Every Individual is unique - Free will - People Should Be Viewed Hostically - Scientific method not appropriate
61
What are the 2 Concepts of the Humanistic Approach
- Free Will | - Self-actualisation
62
What is the Concept of Free Will
People are not affected by External factors or internal influence but we have the ability to determine our own development
63
What is the Concept of Self-Actualisation
Everyone has an innate drive to achieve their full potential.
64
What is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
all 5 basic needs need to be met to achieve full potential
65
What are the 5 basic needs in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiiological - safety - Love/Belonging - Esteem - Self-Actualisation
66
what are Physiological needs
Food, water, sex, sleep
67
What the needs of Self-Actualisation
morality, creativity, porblem solving
68
who came up with the idea on Focus on the Self
Carl Rogers
69
What are the 3 types of self
- The self concept - The ideal Self - The Real self
70
What is the self-concept
The self you fell you are
71
What is the Ideal Self
The self you wish you to be
72
What is the Real Self
The person you think are but who you tend to wish you are
73
What is Congruence
a state in which a person's ideal self and actual experience are very similar.
74
What are Conditions of Worth
Requirements that the individual feels they need to meet to be loved.
75
What is Counselling Psychology
providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms, to help people of all ages deal with emotional, social, developmental, and other life concerns.
76
What type of therapy did Rogers Develop
person-centered therapy.
77
What are 2 Limitations of the Humanistic Approach
- Concepts are difficult to test= difficult to support with empirical evidence. E.g., concept of Congruence and the slef are abstract cannot be direclty observered. Basic assumptions difficult to assess in terms of reliablity and validity - Self-actualisation acused of being culturally baised. E.g., is individualistic cultures focus on the self=Concpets may not generalise to other cultures - Humanistic Approach says were all unique. Scientific testing not appropriate to study humans and generalise=weak criticism lack of scientific evidence
78
What is a Strength of the Humanistic Approach
-Approach led to successful therapy options. E.g., Sexton foudn client-centred were successful for certain people=Made poitive Contributions to lives of patients.

PAPER 2 (3 decks)

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