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PAPER 2 > RESEARCH METHODS > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Reliability

A

refers to consistency of a measure of a study.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of validity

A
  • External reliability
  • Internal reliability
  • Inter-observer reliability
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3
Q

Define External Validity

A

The extent to which a study can be replicated

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4
Q

Define Internal reliability

A

Extent to which something is consistent within itself

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5
Q

Define Inter-observer reliability

A

Extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved in observations of behaviour.

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6
Q

Define Validity

A

Extent to which a study tests what it said out to test

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of validity

A
  • Internal validity

- External validity

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8
Q

Define Internal validity

A

Extent the results (DV) are due to the changes made by the experimenter (IV).

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9
Q

Define External validity

A

Degree to which research findings can be generalised to

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10
Q

What are the 6 key features of science

A
  • Controlled Observations
  • Objectivity
  • Testing theoretical predictions
  • Falsifiability
  • Replicability
  • Paradigm
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11
Q

What are Controlled Observations

A

Observing manipulation of environment how it effects Participants behaviour

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12
Q

What is Objectivity

A

Data collected bias free as posible

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13
Q

What is testing theoretical predictions

A

Scientific experiments carried out to test predictions

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14
Q

What is Falsfiablity

A

Can be disproven with evidence

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15
Q

What is replicability

A

Need to be repeated and checked

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16
Q

What is a paradigm

A

General assumptions accepted by members of a group

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Prediction between variables

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of hypothesis

A
  • Directional
  • Non-Directional
  • Null
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19
Q

Whats a Directional hypothesis

A

Predicts an expected outcome

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20
Q

Whats a non-Directional Hypothesis

A

Doesnt predict expected outcome

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21
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis

A

Results are by chance

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of variables

A
  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
  • Extranious
  • Confounding
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23
Q

What is an inderpendant variable

A

Manipulated by rersearcher has direct efect on DV

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24
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

Directly effected by IV

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25
What is an Extranous varible
Effects DV other than the IV
26
What is a confounding varible
uncontrolled variable that influences IV
27
What is Operationalisation
Breaking something down to be easily measured
28
What are the 2 reasons psychologists use sampling
- Understand target population | - Representative and produce generalisable relults
29
What are the 5 types of sampling
- Random - Systematic - Stratified - Opportunity - Volunteer
30
What is random sampling and 1 ad and dis
-Equal chance to be selected +minimal bias -not representative
31
What is systematic Sampling and 1 ad and dis
-selct every nth person +Researcher decides size -not Representative
32
What is Stratified sampling and 1 adv and dis
-Characteristics are representative +avoids bais -characteritics not representative
33
What is oportunity sampling and 1 adv and dis
-use whoever is availle +not time consuming -bias
34
What is volunteer sampling and 1 adv and dis
-own choice + more willing -cetain types of ppl volunteer
35
What are the 3 experimental designs
- Inderpendant groups - Repeated measures - Matched pairs
36
What are inderpendant groups and 1 adv and a dis
-Each participant 1 condition +Demand characteristics reduced -more P needed
37
What are Repeated measures and 1 adv and a dis
-each P does all conditions +fewer P needed -loose 1 p greater effect
38
What are matched pairs and 1 adv and a dis
-p matched accordingly +Eliminates Order effects -Matching P difficult
39
What are the 4 experimental Methods
- Lab - field - Natural - Quasi
40
What are Lab Experiments and an Adv and Dis
-Controlled Artifical Envrion Manipulates IV to to see reults of DV whilst controll EV +Controll over EV -Lacks mundane realism
41
What are Field Experiment and an Adv and Dis
-Controlls IV, EV not controlled, natural setting +Ecological Validity increased -Hard to replicate
42
What are Natural Experiment and an Adv and Dis
-IV not manipulated +high in External Validity -Hard to replicate
43
What are Quasi Experiment and an Adv and Dis
-Iv natual occur +Controll over EV -Confounding variables
44
What are the 3 types of Observational techniques
- Covert v Overt - Participant v Non-Participant - Controlled v Naturalistic
45
What is controlled and an Adv and Dis
-Lab based +Replicatable -Lacks validity
46
What is Naturalistc and an Adv and Dis
-Natural environ & Operationalise Behaviour +Ecological validity -low control over extranous Variables
47
What is Covert and an Adv and Dis
-not aware +invetigator effects unlikely -not ethical
48
What is Overt and an Adv and Dis
-Aware of precense and true aim of study +More ethical -invisagator effects
49
What is Participant and an Adv and Dis
-Join in +in depth data -Investigator effects
50
What is Non-Participant and an Adv and Dis
-Not involved +Less investigator effects -overlook misbehaviours
51
What are the 2 types of Observational designs
- Time sampling | - Event Sampling
52
What is Event sampling
-Wrties down when behaviour occurs
53
What is Time sampling
-behaviour observerd at certain times
54
What are the 2 types of Self report techniques
- Interviews | - questionnaires
55
What are the 3 types of questionnaires
- Open - Closed - Graded
56
What are Graded questionnaires
Mathmatical repsonse
57
What are the 2 types of interviews
- Structured | - semi-structured
58
What an Adv and Dis of questionnaires
+Cheap and annonymous | -Can misunderstadn questions
59
What an Adv and Dis of interviews
+unstructered better for social sensetive topics | -Time consuming and expensive
60
What are the 5 things to consider with ethics
- Informed consent - Deception - Protection from harm - right to withdraw - Confidentiality
61
What is a pilot study
Initial run threw to identify flaws of study
62
What are the 2=5 types of data
- Quantative - Qualitive - Primary - Secondary - Meta-analysis
63
What are Adv and Dis Primary data
+not manipulated by other readers | -Time consumign and expensive
64
What are Adv and Dis Secondary data
+regularly availble not expensive | -Out dated
65
What are Adv and Dis meta-analysis data
-primary data not good quality
66
what are descriptive statistics
descibe and summarise data
67
What are the 3 measures of Central tendancy
- Mean - Median - Mode
68
what the Adv and Dis of the mean
+considers every number | -Rogue score can make it unrepresentative
69
what the Adv and Dis of the median
+Not affected by high or low scores | -Doesnt consider any number but the middle
70
what the Adv and Dis of the mode
+good for large sets of data | -Dont take all scored into consideration
71
What are measures of dispursion
Sd and median
72
What is Standard Deviation
considers all numbers and shows how much each number devaiates from mean
73
What are Adv and Dis of SD
+uses all score in data set | -more difficult to calculate than range
74
What are Adv and Dis of Range
+Easy to calculate | -Easily distorted by extreme scores
75
What are the 4 types of grahps
- Historgram - scatter - line graph - Bar chart
76
What are the 3 features of a bar chart
- discrete data - gap between bars - ordinal or nominal data
77
What are the 3 features of a line graph
- lines join altogether at mid bar - compare 2 or more sets of data - lines on a graph
78
What are the 3 features of a hitorgram
- continous data - occurs at a frequency - bars touch
79
What are the 3 features of a scatter
80
What a correlation
where 2 or more variables are is some ways associated
81
What are the 3 types of distributions
- left - right - Normal
82
What are normal distributions
when mean meidan and mode meet in mid point of a graph
83
Whats a skewed graph
mean is not representative
84
What are the 2 types of inferential tests
- Significance | - Sign test
85
What is a test of Significance
alternative or null hypothesis can be accepted
86
What is a Sign test
allows a researcher to determine the significance of their investigation
87
What are the 3 types of peer view
- single blind - double blind - open
88
What are 3 implications of psychological research for the economy.
- The development of treatments for mental illness - Research into sleep behaviour helping shift workers - Attachment research into the role of the Father

PAPER 2 (3 decks)

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