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PAPER 2 > RESEARCH METHODS > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reliability

A

refers to consistency of a measure of a study.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of validity

A
  • External reliability
  • Internal reliability
  • Inter-observer reliability
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3
Q

Define External Validity

A

The extent to which a study can be replicated

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4
Q

Define Internal reliability

A

Extent to which something is consistent within itself

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5
Q

Define Inter-observer reliability

A

Extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved in observations of behaviour.

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6
Q

Define Validity

A

Extent to which a study tests what it said out to test

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of validity

A
  • Internal validity

- External validity

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8
Q

Define Internal validity

A

Extent the results (DV) are due to the changes made by the experimenter (IV).

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9
Q

Define External validity

A

Degree to which research findings can be generalised to

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10
Q

What are the 6 key features of science

A
  • Controlled Observations
  • Objectivity
  • Testing theoretical predictions
  • Falsifiability
  • Replicability
  • Paradigm
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11
Q

What are Controlled Observations

A

Observing manipulation of environment how it effects Participants behaviour

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12
Q

What is Objectivity

A

Data collected bias free as posible

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13
Q

What is testing theoretical predictions

A

Scientific experiments carried out to test predictions

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14
Q

What is Falsfiablity

A

Can be disproven with evidence

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15
Q

What is replicability

A

Need to be repeated and checked

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16
Q

What is a paradigm

A

General assumptions accepted by members of a group

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Prediction between variables

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of hypothesis

A
  • Directional
  • Non-Directional
  • Null
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19
Q

Whats a Directional hypothesis

A

Predicts an expected outcome

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20
Q

Whats a non-Directional Hypothesis

A

Doesnt predict expected outcome

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21
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis

A

Results are by chance

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of variables

A
  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
  • Extranious
  • Confounding
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23
Q

What is an inderpendant variable

A

Manipulated by rersearcher has direct efect on DV

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24
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

Directly effected by IV

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25
Q

What is an Extranous varible

A

Effects DV other than the IV

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26
Q

What is a confounding varible

A

uncontrolled variable that influences IV

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27
Q

What is Operationalisation

A

Breaking something down to be easily measured

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28
Q

What are the 2 reasons psychologists use sampling

A
  • Understand target population

- Representative and produce generalisable relults

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29
Q

What are the 5 types of sampling

A
  • Random
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
  • Opportunity
  • Volunteer
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30
Q

What is random sampling and 1 ad and dis

A

-Equal chance to be selected
+minimal bias
-not representative

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31
Q

What is systematic Sampling and 1 ad and dis

A

-selct every nth person
+Researcher decides size
-not Representative

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32
Q

What is Stratified sampling and 1 adv and dis

A

-Characteristics are representative
+avoids bais
-characteritics not representative

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33
Q

What is oportunity sampling and 1 adv and dis

A

-use whoever is availle
+not time consuming
-bias

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34
Q

What is volunteer sampling and 1 adv and dis

A

-own choice
+ more willing
-cetain types of ppl volunteer

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35
Q

What are the 3 experimental designs

A
  • Inderpendant groups
  • Repeated measures
  • Matched pairs
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36
Q

What are inderpendant groups and 1 adv and a dis

A

-Each participant 1 condition
+Demand characteristics reduced
-more P needed

37
Q

What are Repeated measures and 1 adv and a dis

A

-each P does all conditions
+fewer P needed
-loose 1 p greater effect

38
Q

What are matched pairs and 1 adv and a dis

A

-p matched accordingly
+Eliminates Order effects
-Matching P difficult

39
Q

What are the 4 experimental Methods

A
  • Lab
  • field
  • Natural
  • Quasi
40
Q

What are Lab Experiments and an Adv and Dis

A

-Controlled Artifical Envrion Manipulates IV to to see reults of DV whilst controll EV
+Controll over EV
-Lacks mundane realism

41
Q

What are Field Experiment and an Adv and Dis

A

-Controlls IV, EV not controlled, natural setting
+Ecological Validity increased
-Hard to replicate

42
Q

What are Natural Experiment and an Adv and Dis

A

-IV not manipulated
+high in External Validity
-Hard to replicate

43
Q

What are Quasi Experiment and an Adv and Dis

A

-Iv natual occur
+Controll over EV
-Confounding variables

44
Q

What are the 3 types of Observational techniques

A
  • Covert v Overt
  • Participant v Non-Participant
  • Controlled v Naturalistic
45
Q

What is controlled and an Adv and Dis

A

-Lab based
+Replicatable
-Lacks validity

46
Q

What is Naturalistc and an Adv and Dis

A

-Natural environ & Operationalise Behaviour
+Ecological validity
-low control over extranous Variables

47
Q

What is Covert and an Adv and Dis

A

-not aware
+invetigator effects unlikely
-not ethical

48
Q

What is Overt and an Adv and Dis

A

-Aware of precense and true aim of study
+More ethical
-invisagator effects

49
Q

What is Participant and an Adv and Dis

A

-Join in
+in depth data
-Investigator effects

50
Q

What is Non-Participant and an Adv and Dis

A

-Not involved
+Less investigator effects
-overlook misbehaviours

51
Q

What are the 2 types of Observational designs

A
  • Time sampling

- Event Sampling

52
Q

What is Event sampling

A

-Wrties down when behaviour occurs

53
Q

What is Time sampling

A

-behaviour observerd at certain times

54
Q

What are the 2 types of Self report techniques

A
  • Interviews

- questionnaires

55
Q

What are the 3 types of questionnaires

A
  • Open
  • Closed
  • Graded
56
Q

What are Graded questionnaires

A

Mathmatical repsonse

57
Q

What are the 2 types of interviews

A
  • Structured

- semi-structured

58
Q

What an Adv and Dis of questionnaires

A

+Cheap and annonymous

-Can misunderstadn questions

59
Q

What an Adv and Dis of interviews

A

+unstructered better for social sensetive topics

-Time consuming and expensive

60
Q

What are the 5 things to consider with ethics

A
  • Informed consent
  • Deception
  • Protection from harm
  • right to withdraw
  • Confidentiality
61
Q

What is a pilot study

A

Initial run threw to identify flaws of study

62
Q

What are the 2=5 types of data

A
  • Quantative
  • Qualitive
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Meta-analysis
63
Q

What are Adv and Dis Primary data

A

+not manipulated by other readers

-Time consumign and expensive

64
Q

What are Adv and Dis Secondary data

A

+regularly availble not expensive

-Out dated

65
Q

What are Adv and Dis meta-analysis data

A

-primary data not good quality

66
Q

what are descriptive statistics

A

descibe and summarise data

67
Q

What are the 3 measures of Central tendancy

A
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
68
Q

what the Adv and Dis of the mean

A

+considers every number

-Rogue score can make it unrepresentative

69
Q

what the Adv and Dis of the median

A

+Not affected by high or low scores

-Doesnt consider any number but the middle

70
Q

what the Adv and Dis of the mode

A

+good for large sets of data

-Dont take all scored into consideration

71
Q

What are measures of dispursion

A

Sd and median

72
Q

What is Standard Deviation

A

considers all numbers and shows how much each number devaiates from mean

73
Q

What are Adv and Dis of SD

A

+uses all score in data set

-more difficult to calculate than range

74
Q

What are Adv and Dis of Range

A

+Easy to calculate

-Easily distorted by extreme scores

75
Q

What are the 4 types of grahps

A
  • Historgram
  • scatter
  • line graph
  • Bar chart
76
Q

What are the 3 features of a bar chart

A
  • discrete data
  • gap between bars
  • ordinal or nominal data
77
Q

What are the 3 features of a line graph

A
  • lines join altogether at mid bar
  • compare 2 or more sets of data
  • lines on a graph
78
Q

What are the 3 features of a hitorgram

A
  • continous data
  • occurs at a frequency
  • bars touch
79
Q

What are the 3 features of a scatter

A
80
Q

What a correlation

A

where 2 or more variables are is some ways associated

81
Q

What are the 3 types of distributions

A
  • left
  • right
  • Normal
82
Q

What are normal distributions

A

when mean meidan and mode meet in mid point of a graph

83
Q

Whats a skewed graph

A

mean is not representative

84
Q

What are the 2 types of inferential tests

A
  • Significance

- Sign test

85
Q

What is a test of Significance

A

alternative or null hypothesis can be accepted

86
Q

What is a Sign test

A

allows a researcher to determine the significance of their investigation

87
Q

What are the 3 types of peer view

A
  • single blind
  • double blind
  • open
88
Q

What are 3 implications of psychological research for the economy.

A
  • The development of treatments for mental illness
  • Research into sleep behaviour helping shift workers
  • Attachment research into the role of the Father

PAPER 2 (3 decks)

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