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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

INTROSPECTION

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

A German psychologist, known as the “father of psychology”

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2
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did Wundt open in 1879?

A

The first ever psychology lab

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3
Q

INTROSPECTION

What was Wundt the first psychologist to do?

A

Study psychology using investigations and a scientific method

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4
Q

INTROSPECTION

Define introspection

A

Introspection derives from the Latin meaning “looking into” and is about investigating internal events by examining conscious thoughts and feelings

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5
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did Wundt believe about introspection?

A

It allowed people to gain knowledge about their own mental and emotional state.

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6
Q

INTROSPECTION

What did introspection allow Wundt to do?

A

Compare different pp responses to the same stimuli and resultantly form general theories about perception and other mental processes

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7
Q

INTROSPECTION

Give one positive of this theory

A

It follows scientific procedures

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8
Q

INTROSPECTION

Give two negatives of this theory

A
  • Wundt’s approach relied on “non observable” responses meaning it isn’t particularly reliable
  • Nisbett and Wilson claim that we have little knowledge underlying our own procedures, decreases the validity
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9
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

What are the three key features of a science?

A
  • Observations
  • Experiments
  • Systematic methodology
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10
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

What are the two key assumptions of psychology as a science?

A
  1. Every behaviour had a cause

2. Behaviour can be predictable

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11
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

Positives of psychology as a science

A

Can establish cause of behaviour, scientific methodology involved

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12
Q

IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE

Negatives of psychology as a science

A

Much of subject matter is non-observable, psychology doesn’t tell us how people act in natural situations

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13
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

What does the behaviourist approach assume?

A

We are all born as blank slates and all behaviour is learnt from environment. Humans can be conditioned to behave a certain way.

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14
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define classical conditioning

A

Learning through association: paining two stimuli together to create a response

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15
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe Pavlov’s dog study

A

Pavlov was conducting an experiment on the digestive system of dogs, when he realised their responses to food subtly changed over time. At first, he observed the dogs only salivated when food was placed directly in front of them, but they began to salivate to the sound of a bell directly before the food arrived.

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16
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

What did Pavlov’s dog study show?

A

Conditioned stimuli can lead to a conditioned response

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17
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe the stimuli box thing

A

Unconditioned stimuli - unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimuli + neutral stimulus - unconditioned response
Conditioned stimuli - conditioned response

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18
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define operant conditoning

A

Learning through reinforcement

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19
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe Skinner’s box

A

Rats in a box, one lever which releases food (PR). The rats pulled the lever frequently to get more rewards.

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20
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define reinforcement

A

A consequence which strengthens behaviour and increased the likelihood of said behaviour happening again

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21
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe positive reinforcement

A

Producing a consequence that is rewarding or pleasant

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22
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe negative reinforcement

A

Removing something that is unpleasant in order to make the desired behaviour occur

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23
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Describe punishment

A

When a behaviour is followed by an undesirable consequence. decreasing the likelihood of it occurring again

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24
Q

BEHAVOURIST APPROACH

Define the schedules of reinforcement

A

Continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement. Partial reinforcement is more effective.

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25
BEHAVOURIST APPROACH | Give two positives of the behaviourist approach
- Classical conditioning: RWA in the form of slogans which we associate with a product - Operant conditioning: uses experimental methods, controlled conditions to establish a cause and effect
26
BEHAVOURIST APPROACH | Give one negative of this approach
Experiments on animals: unethical, and cannot generalise the findings onto humans who have more complex cognitive processes
27
SLT | What is the main assumption of the Social Learning Theory?
Learning through observations
28
SLT | Who conducted the bobo doll study?
Albert Bandura
29
SLT | Describe the bobo doll study
``` 72 children split into three groups Group 1: adult was violent towards doll Group 2: adult wasn't violent Group 3: no adult or bobo doll In every situation the children modelled the adults behaviour ```
30
SLT | Describe the process of learning through observation
Modelling: a role model does behaviour which people learn and copy from Imitation: copying the behaviour of a role model Identification: being similar to the model Vicarious reinforcement: when behaviour is more likely to be modelled if you see someone else being rewarded for displaying the same behaviour
31
SLT | What did Bandura argue about mediational processes?
That they are essential in learning and for the behaviour to be imitated
32
SLT | Describe the four mediational processes
Attention being payed towards the person being observed Retention, remembering what we have seen until it is needed Reproduction, being able to act out what we see Motivation to copy what we see
33
COGNITIVE APPROACH | What are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach?
Focuses on informational processing, how info received from the senses is processed by brain and then directs how we behave. Internal mental processes to understand behaviour.
34
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Give three things cognition is important for
Language, memory, thinking
35
COGNITIVE APPROACH | How must the cognitive approach be studied?
Through behaviour because it cannot be directly studied
36
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Describe schemas
Cognitive frameworks, organises and interprets information in the brain, based on experiences, provide shortcuts and fill in the gaps
37
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Describe the computer analogy
- Input processes: environment - Information manipulation: processing through schemas - Information storage: adding or changing a schema - Output processing: a behavioural response
38
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Describe cognitive neuroscience
Studying the living brain through scans, MRI/PET, allows us to observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes
39
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Give one positive of the cognitive approach
RWA: CBT
40
COGNITIVE APPROACH | Give two negatives of the cognitive approach
- Lacks ecological validity: tested in controlled conditions | - Human beings are more complex than computers
41
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe a gene
A gene is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring
42
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe heredity
The passing of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
43
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe a genotype
The genetic constitution of an individual organism, for example eye colour
44
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe a phenotype
The set of observable characteristics of an individual, for example the interaction of a genotype with the environment
45
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe the genetic basis of behaviour
How an organisms genetic composition influences it's behaviour
46
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe the role of neurotransmitter dopamine
Plays a part in controlling the movements of a person makes, aswell as their emotional responses. Exitatory neurotransmitter, stimulates messages
47
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe the role of neurotransmitter serotonin
The key hormone that stabilises our mood, feelings of well-being and happiness. Inhibitory neurotransmitter, stops receiving neurone from getting electrical impulses.
48
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Define a hormone
Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands, secreted directly into bloodstream and travel to target cells
49
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe the influence of hormones on behaviour
Hormones change gene expression or function, and effect behaviour by increasing the likelihood that specific behaviours occur in the presence of precise stimuli
50
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Speech, thought and learning
51
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What is the role of the temporal lobes?
Hearing, learning and memory
52
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What is the role of the brain stem?
To regulate essential functions
53
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What is the role of the cerebellum?
Movement
54
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What is the role of the occipital lobes?
To process visual information
55
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What are the roles of the parietal lobes?
To process sensory information
56
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Describe the case of Phineas Gage
- Working on a railroad - Pole through the head and severed to his optic nerve - Miraculously survived, but personality changed - Demonstrates how biological structures can influence behaviour
57
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Give two positives of this theory
- RWA: development of neurotransmitter drugs such as anti-depressants which alter behaviour - Scientific method: controlled environments, brain imaging which is an objective measure
58
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | Give one negative of this theory
Dangers of genetic explanations: if behaviour comes from genes and not external conditions, then how can we blame or punish behaviour?
59
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | What does Freud believe we are driven by?
Unconscious parts of the mind
60
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define the conscious mind
The part we are aware of
61
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the subconscious mind
Can be accessed through dreams and slips of the tounge
62
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the unconscious mind
Inaccessible to conscious thoughts and controls most of our behaviour
63
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define a defence mechanism
If an individual is faced with a situation they aren't able to deal with rationally their defence mechanisms may be triggered
64
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define denial
Rejecting a thought or feeling, refusing to accept some part of reality
65
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define displacement
Transferring feelings from true cause of distressing emotion onto a substitute target
66
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define repression
Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
67
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | What do the Id, ego and superego make up?
The tripartite model of mind that makes up our personality
68
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define the id
The pleasure principle, controls the unconscious drives and instincts
69
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define the ego
The reality principle, mediator between other 2 parts, role is to reduce conflict
70
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Define the superego
Moral compass, our internalised sense of right and wrong, causes feelings of guilt
71
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent state, genital stage
72
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the oral stage
- 0 to 1 - Focus on the mouth - Weaning means successful completion - Consequences can include smoking
73
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the anal stage
- 1 to 3 - Defilation, completion means being potty trained - Failure to complete can cause messiness or "anal" behaviour
74
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the phallic stage
- 3 to 5 - Focuses on the genitilia - Electra complex: penis envy - Oedipus complex: boy wants mum - Therefore copy same sex parent - Can cause homosexuality
75
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the latent stage
- 6 to puberty - Sexual urges to sport - Same sex friendships
76
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Describe the genital stage
- Puberty to adulthood - Focus on genitals but not as extreme as phallic stage - Allows us to develop healthy relationships
77
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | What is psychoanalysis?
A type of therapy created by Freud, point of the therapy is to access the unconscious
78
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | What are the four parts of psychoanalysis?
Dream analysis, free association, slips of the tounge, hypnosis
79
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Give two negatives of this theory
- Non falsifiable | - Looking at the unconscious can be problematic: interpretable and non observable
80
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH | Give one positive of this approach
Highlights how listening to patients can be beneficial, and some face validity
81
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Describe the origins and history of the humanistic approach
Developed in 1950s America, concerned with human experiences, and focuses on the whole person rather than individual elements
82
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | What are the five parts of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
``` Physiological (breathing, food) Safety (security of body and employment) Love/Belonging (friends and family) Esteem (self esteem and confidence) Self-actualization (morality, lack of prejudice) ```
83
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | What does the hierarchy of needs emphasize?
The importance of personal growth to become satisfied, fulfilled and goal orientated.
84
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | What does Carl Rodgers say?
"Everyone has two basic needs": unconditional positive regard and self worth
85
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Define unconditional positive regard
Unconditional support regardless of what a person says or does
86
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Describe conditions of worth
Conditional positive regard: must follow a certain behaviour to gain regard
87
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Describe self worth
Recognising our own abilities and difficulties
88
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | What does Rodger believe about how we think of ourselves?
He believes it determines our psychological health
89
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Describe congruence
Similarity between a person's ideal self and how they perceive themselves indicates congruency
90
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | What does greater congruence lead to?
Greater self worth
91
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Give two positives of this approach
- Considers subjective experience | - Free will (unlike other approaches)
92
HUMANISTIC APPROACH | Give one negative of this approach
Vague, little empirical scientific research has been carried out
93
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What two parts make up the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system: involuntary | Somatic nervous system: voluntary
94
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | What two parts make up the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system | Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight responses

Psychology (11 decks)

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