Forensics Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
Define the alavanistic form
A
Offenders possess similar characteristics to lower primates which could explain their criminality
2
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What theory does the alavanistic form link to?
A
Darwin’s theory of evolution
3
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
Where did central ideas for lombrosso’s work come from?
A
His autopsy of a notorious Italian criminal named Guiseppe Vielela.
4
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What did Lombrosso note from Guiseppe Vielela?
A
Certain characteristics (specifically a depression on the occipul that he named the median occipital fossa) reminded him of skulls of ‘inferior races’
5
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What did Lombrosso conclude?
A
Principle cause of criminal tendencies was organic in nature, heredity key cause of deviance.
6
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What were the physical alavastic stigmata?
A
Large jaws
High cheekbones
Low sloping foreheads
7
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What did Lombrosso’s theory based on?
A
Using post mortem examinations of criminals and studying the face of living criminals
8
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
How many bodies did Lombrosso and his team study?
A
Over 50-000 bodies
9
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
In one study of 383 convicted italian criminals what did lombrosso and his team find?
A
21% one alvastic trait
43% at least five
10
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What did Lombrosso suggest about characteristics?
A
They interact with a persons physical and social environment, based on this he distinguished three types of criminal
11
Q
CESARE LOMBROSSO
What were Lombrossos three types of criminals?
A
- Born criminals (alavistic)
- Insane criminals (mental illness)
- Criminaloids (mental characteristics predisposed them to criminal behaviour)
12
Q
SHELDON 1949
What did sheldon believe?
A
Three types of body shapes pp fit into to
13
Q
SHELDON 1949
Describe endomorphic
A
Fat and soft - social and relaxed
14
Q
SHELDON 1949
Describe ectomorphic
A
Thin and fragile - introverted and restrained
15
Q
SHELDON 1949
Define mesomorphic
A
Muscular and hard - tend to be aggressive and adventurous
16
Q
SHELDON 1949
What are convicts most and least likely to be?
A
Most mesomorphic, least ectomorphic
17
Q
SHELDON 1949
Give two negatives
A
No control group, such as non criminals (Goring1913)
Socially sensitive (Delisi) scientific racism
18
Q
SHELDON 1949
Give one positve
A
Founded forensic psychology
19
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What is the assumption of this explanation?
A
Inherit genes which predispose us to criminality
20
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
Give the results of Raine’s twin studies
A
Concordance rates of 52% for Mz and 21% for Dz
21
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Brunner research?
A
28 members of a Dutch family with a history of impulsive and criminal behaviour
22
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Brunner analyse?
A
DNA of male members and found they shared a particular gene that led to low levels of MAOA
23
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Tihonen study?
A
900 Finnish offenders
24
Q
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Tiihonen find evidence of?
A
Low levels of MAOA and low activity from the CDH13 gene
25
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Tiihonen estimate?
5-10% of all violent crime in Finland is due to abnormality of one of the two genes
26
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What is epigenetics?
Genes are switched on or off by epiginomes which have been affected by the environment
27
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
What did Caspi 2002 say?
Men w low MAOA genes had experienced maltreatment when they were babies, made up 44% of violent convictions in New Zealand
28
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
Give a positive
Research support from adoption studies
- Crowe studied adopted children w biological criminal parent
- 10x more likely to get a criminal record than children wout
29
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: GENETICS
Give one negative
Non violent crime
30
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
Give percentages of brain injuries for US population and US convicts
8.5 US pop, 65% for convicts
31
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
What did Raine do?
71 brain imaging studies which showed murderers and psychopaths have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
31
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
What did Raine do?
71 brain imaging studies which showed murderers and psychopaths have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
32
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
What did Raine also find?
Murderers who weren't guilty due to insanity had abnormal asymmetrics in their limbic system, particularly in the amygdala which links to emotion and motivation
33
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
What can low levels of serotonin lead to?
Impulsive agression
34
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
What can both high and low levels of noadrenaline lead to?
Aggression, high levels activiate fight or flight response
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BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
Give one negative
Cause vs impact, do anomilies cause crime or crime cause anomilies
36
BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: NEURAL
Give one positive
RWA: treatment, giving criminals diet that enhance serotonin eg eggs and cheese
37
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
What is Eseyneck's theory of the criminal personality?
Character traits tend to cluster along three dimensions and can lead to criminality
38
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
What are the three dimensions?
Extravert to introvert
Neurotic to stable
Psychotic to normal
39
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
What is the criminal personality?
Extraverted, neurotic, psychotic
40
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
What is the EPQ?
A scientific test which locates respondents along dimensions to determine personality type
41
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
Describe extroverts and crime
Seek external stimulation to increase brain arousal, less likely to be affected by negative outcomes of behaviour and may enjoy "thrill of a crime"
42
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
Descibe neuroticism and crime
Unstable, easily upset. Determined by level of stability in sympathetic nervous system. More likely to overreact or fly off the handle.
43
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
Describe psychoticism and crime
High levels of testosterone, aggressive, lack empathy. High scores relate to vulnerability for mental illness
44
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
What did Eynseck and his wife Sybill assess?
2700 male prisoners with a control of 2422 males. Prisoners higher E, N and P
45
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR OFFENDING
Give three negatives
- Gender bias
- Self report technique
- Personality not consistent: Mischel similar situations not different
46
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Give the two elements
Cognitive distortions, levels of moral reasoning
47
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Cog distortion: hostile attribution bias
Assumes worst about others, negative interpretations of someones behaviour leads to aggression
48
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Shonenburg and Justye research support
55 violent offenders present w images of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. More likely to percieve as angry
49
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Describe minimalisation
Downplaying consequences of actions, thus don't see crime acts in negative way
50
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Barbaree research support
26 convicted rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all. 40% minimised harm had caused victim
51
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Describe level of moral reasoning
Kohlburg interviewed boys and men about reasons behind moral decisions. From this, constructed theory of moral development
52
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Pre conventional
Driven by reward or punishment
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COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Conventional
Want to conform to social rules
54
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Post conventional
Human rights take precedent over the law
55
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
What are criminals most likely to be?
Pre conventional, do not progress from this stage. Believe can break law if rewards exceed the cost or punishment can be avoided. Most reach this stage around 10
56
COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
Give three negatives
Gender bias, only explain pre meditated crime, culture bias
57
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Bowlby maternal deprivation
44 thieves, maternal dep can lead to being an affectionless psychopath
58
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
What is an affectionless psychopath?
No empathy, more likely to commit crime
59
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
When and how does the superego develop?
Age 4, identification with a same sex parent
60
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Describe a weak or underdeveloped superego
Weak or no identifacation w same sex parent. Poor ability to control Id and thus acts impulsively on basic desires/impulses. Leads to antisocial or criminal behaviour.
61
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Describe a harsh superego
Identifacation with a very strict parent. Id, strong feelings of guilt, commit crime wanting to be caught
62
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Describe a deviant superego
Children w deviant parents take on deviant attitudes
63
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Give one positive
Improving care (RWA)
64
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Give two negatives
Temporal validity: homosexual
Gender bias: women weaker identifcation, 96% of prisons men
65
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
What does Edwin Sutherland argue?
Offending entirely learnt
66
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
What is learned?
A child learns attitudes towards crime, whether desirable or undesirable. Learn pro criminal attitudes and which crimes are considered acceptable
67
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
Who is it learned from?
Intimate personal groups: friends, family, wider neighbourhood
68
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
How is it learnt?
Sutherland suggested frequency, length and personal meanings of associations will determine degree of influence
69
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
What type of conditioning occurs?
Direct or indirect
70
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
What reinforcement may occur?
Vicarious
71
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
Give one positive
Major influence on forensic psych in regard to white collar crime
72
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
Two negatives
Methodological issues, seperate learnt from inherited, non falsifiable
Can't explain all crime
73
ANGER MANAGEMENT
What is this a form of?
CBT, rec cognitions that trigger anger to prevent developing into violence
74
ANGER MANAGEMENT
What are general aims of AM programme?
Short term: reduce aggression
Long term: reduction of recidivism
75
ANGER MANAGEMENT
What did Novaco do?
Stress inoculation model
76
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe aim one: cognitive restructuring
Self awareness and control over cogntions
77
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe method one: cognitive preparation
Analyse own patterns of anger and identify provoking situations
78
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe aim two: regulation of arousal
Control of physiological state
79
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe method two: skills acquisition
Skills to help manage anger: relaxation
80
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe aim three: behavioural strategies
Problem solving skills, strategic withdrawl and assertiveness
81
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Describe method three: application training
Apply skills to something like a role play, then real world
82
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Give one positive
Successful: Landenberger 2005 analysed 58 studies using CBT for anger management as part of therapy, neg correlation
83
ANGER MANAGEMENT
Give two negatives
Individual diffs,
Methodological issues, role play not real
84
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
How many men are in UK prisons?
80-000
85
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
How many women are in UK prisons?
4000
86
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
What percentage of adults recommit?
46%
87
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
What percentage of young people recommit?
67%
88
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
What are the aims of custodial sentences [pneumonic]?
PPDRR
- Protection
- Punishment
- Deterrent
- Retribution
- Rehabilitation
89
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Protecting the public
Incarceration only protects from a small number of dangerous convicts. Most prisoners not violent so not relevant to all
90
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Punish and prevent
Nearly 50% of prisoners reoffend
91
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Deterrent
US murder rates still high despite death penalty
92
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Retribution
Can be achieved wout custodial sentencing, crime specific, restorative justice
93
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Rehabilitation
Offenders cannot be forced to take part in programme, reduction in sentences
94
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES & RECIDIVISM
Give three negatives
- Creation of more crime: thieves
- Individual differences: young people 67%
- Alternatives: probation, fines, community service
95
TOKEN ECONOMY
Define behavioural modifacation
Altering or improving behaviour through the premise of operant conditioning
96
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give the four steps of token economy
1. Identify desired behaviour
2. Reward w token
3. Exchange for goods/services
4. Institution
97
TOKEN ECONOMY
Why should token economy be done in an insitution?
Can be manipulated and controlled
98
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give two target behaviour examples
Making the bed, pp in activities
99
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give two rewards
TV time, cigarette
100
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give three elements of token economy
Reinforcement, punishment, shaping
101
TOKEN ECONOMY
Who did Hobbs et al observe?
Adolescent delinquents
102
TOKEN ECONOMY
What did the adolescent delinquent study show?
Tokens 29%
No tokens 0%
103
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give one positive
Strength of ease, implementation, training
104
TOKEN ECONOMY
Give two negatives
Ethics, life outside prison
105
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
What does restorative justice seek to do?
Achieve justice by repairing harm done rather than punishment, typically involves communication between victim and offender. alternative to prison
106
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
What are the aims?
Rehabilitation of offender, atonement for wrongdoing, helping victim
107
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
What did Watchel and Mccold find?
Must involve victim offender and community. Victim must seek reparation, offender responsibility community restoration. if all three involved then creates a peace circle
108
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
Give two positives
Reducing recidivism: 14%
85% victim satisfaction
109
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
Give two negatives
Suitability
Ethics: shaming offender, may be a child
110
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
What is offender profiling?
A method of determining characteristics of an offender by examining the crime and scene. Narrows down suspects rather than specifying one
111
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Describe top down profiling
Used by US (FBI), a qualitative approach looking at whole picture
112
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
What is top down profiling based on?
Police exp and case studies, suitable for more extreme/unusual crime like rape or murder
113
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
What did the FBI use to develop this method?
In depth interviews w 36 convicted serial killers including Ted Bundy. Info then produced a "typical criminal"
114
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage one
Profiling inputs: description abt crime scenes, background info, gathering information
115
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage two
Decision process models: organise data to meaningful patterns
116
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage three
Crime assessment: organised or disorganised
117
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Define organised and disorganised time
Organised = planned & targeted
Disorganised = unplanned & random victim selection
118
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage four
Criminal profile: an offender profile is created, habits, bg, use this to get suspects
119
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage five
Profile assessment: report given to police and matching pp being identified. If new evidence is generated back to stage 2
120
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give stage six
Apprehension: suspect caught and process evaluated
121
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give two negatives
Could be a mix of organised and disorganised, sub category may become a dumping ground
Developed from interviews w serial killers, atypical so can they really give a typical portrait?
122
OFFENDER PROFILING: TOP DOWN
Give one positive
Police officers report as useful, 82% say provides new avenues
123
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Main name?
David Canter
124
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
What techniques are used?
Statistical techniques, working from crime scene evidence first
125
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Where did Canter develop the technique?
"Railway Rapist" case, technique led to criminal apprehension
126
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
What are the two parts of "investigative psychology"?
Interpersonal coherence and forensic awareness
127
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Define interpersonal coherence
Pp are consistent in most behaviours, elements of crime can link to this behaviour. Look for patterns
128
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Define forensic awareness
Some may indicate awareness of police/forensic technique, insinuates past offences and experience
129
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
What does geographical profiling assume?
Offenders more likely to comit where they live
130
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
What can GP be useful for?
Prioritising house to house searches
131
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Limitations of GP
Can't distinguish multiple offenders in same area, dismissed by Vancouver police department
132
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Describe circle theory
Maurauderers or commuters, marauderer more likely (91%)
133
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Give one positive
More scientific bc uses statistical techniques than TD
134
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Give two negatives
Stats only show caught criminals
May lead to wrongful convictions/stereotyping
135
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Give one positive of investigative psych
Cospon: 75% of police say useful
136
OFFENDER PROFILING: BOTTOM UP
Give one negative of investigative psych
Cospon: only 3% apprehension of offenders
