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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is the key assumption?

A

Instinctive, hardwired, darwin survival of the fittest, sexual selection for reproduction

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2
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Define intrasexual

A

Short term dating preferences

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3
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Physical traits men have had to evolve to be bigger and more distinct in their characteristics than women

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4
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What do men compete for?

A

The ‘choosy’ female, anisogamy limited reproductive possibility compared to men, biological clock

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5
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What does menopause mean?

A

There is a certain gap available for women to conceive and carry a baby. Women have one egg released a month and have to be choosy bc face more consequences

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6
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Buss and Schmitt find?

A

Universal trends for short term dting in men and women.

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7
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What were B and S traits for men?

A

Less time spent with a woman, the more he can mate with, seek sex earlier in a relationship and lose interest afterwards

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8
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Clark and Hatfield do?

A

Ask students if they would sleep with a random person? Women 0%, men 75%. Men hardwired in comparison to women

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9
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Define intersexuality

A

Long term sexual relationships

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10
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What did Buss look at?

A

37 cultures across the globe, 10-000 pps

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11
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is fecundity?

A

What unites men and women with what they find attractive

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12
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Men to women

A

The ability to produce instinctively drawn to physical traits for women (signs of fertility)

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13
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Women to men

A

Mens ability to care for children

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14
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why do women prefer older men?

A

Because more experience, which can make them more likely to provide resources and look after women plus offspring

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15
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why do women care about what a man looks like?

A

Not for attraction but for idea/ good looking offspring

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16
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What physical traits do women look for?

A

Strength, symmetry (good genes), good looking, intelligent, healthy

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17
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Give two positives for women

A

+ Research - sexy sons hypothesis
+ Sperm donor evidence - Scheib 1994 studies women seeking sperm donor, look for same qualities as evolutionairy theory

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18
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What are characteristics men find attractive?

A

Big eyes, petite nose, hair colour, lips, clear skin, hourglass figure

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19
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What hypothesis did Cunningham propose?

A

The babyface hypothesis

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20
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What do men naturally look for?

A

Youthful features bc of fertility, hourglass figure women have when they’re young and disappears during menopause

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21
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
What is Singh’s positive?

A

Hips 0.7 wider than waist deemed universally attractive

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22
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
A03 face validity

A

‘Sugar daddies’, cliches within society, ‘first wives club’

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23
Q

EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
A03 reductionism

A

Reduce attraction to one factor, fecundity cannot explain all factors. For example the ‘graduation effect’ where med attracted to older women who can’t reproduce

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24
Q

EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION
Why is this theory reductionist?

A

Heteronormative, the graduate effect (Dame Joan Collins)

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25
EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION What are the methodology issues?
Lack of scientific methodology: making large speculations about early mankind, cannot scientifically validate, non falsifiable
26
EVOLUTIONAIRY EXPLANATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION Why is this theory deterministic?
Justifies promiscuity in men, could it legitimise rape and harassment?
27
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION Which psychologist did the halo effect?
Dion et al
28
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What is the halo effect?
Associative principles: "what is beautiful is good", we associate physically attractive people with having more positive attributes
29
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What can the halo effect be described as?
A self fulfilling prophecy
30
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION Give research support of the halo effect
Palmer and Peterson found physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable than unattractive people
31
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION Who did the matching hypothesis?
Murstein
32
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What is the matching hypothesis?
People tend to form relationships w others who are equivalent to their own physical attractiveness
33
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What may people who don't match on a physical level trade?
Other attributes such as wealth or status
34
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What is Walster's computer dance study?
Assess own value then choose someone in same league
35
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION What did Walster get pps to do?
Meet before a dance, spend time chatting. Pps then danced with a partner ranked in same league
36
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION Describe murstein and photos
Showed photos of engaged couples, tendency for them to be given same levels of attractiveness
37
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTRACTION Give three negatives of this theory
Culture bias, determinism, temporal validity
38
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Who came up with filter theory?
Kerchhoff and Davis
39
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS How many filters are there and what do they lead to?
3, field of availables to field of desirables
40
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Filter one
Demographic variables: geography, age, class
41
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Filter two
Similarity in attitudes: compatibility eg politics or future plans
42
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Filter three
Complementary mental needs: strengths in one person may counteract the other
43
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Give one positive
Kerchoff and Davis: 94 US couples given a range of questions which supported model
44
THE FORMATION OF RELATIONSHIPS Give three negatives
Temporal validity, cultural validity, alt explanations
45
SELF DISCLOSURE Who came up with this theory?
Jourard
46
SELF DISCLOSURE What is self disclosure?
When a person reveals intimate details about themselves
47
SELF DISCLOSURE Describe early days
We love to learn as much as we can from our partners: likes, interests, hopes, attitudes
48
SELF DISCLOSURE Why is sd an important process?
Builds trust and intimacy, helps course of relationships run smoother
49
SELF DISCLOSURE Describe Derlega et als research
Don't disclose too much too early, boom or bust philosophy. Don't be too impersonal listener doesn't care
50
SELF DISCLOSURE What does research show?
Those who disclose to a high extent are more liked than those who don't. Tend to disclose more to pp you like
51
SELF DISCLOSURE Describe Atman and Taylor's research
2 elements of self disclosure, breadth and depth, as both increase partners become more committed
52
SELF DISCLOSURE As relationships start what info is shared?
Low risk info, social penetration theory.
53
SELF DISCLOSURE What is social penetration theory?
As relationships develop self disclosure deeper
54
SELF DISCLOSURE Tal-Or et al research
Reality TV shows, Intimate disclosure of contestants early on make them more likeable
55
SELF DISCLOSURE Research support positive
Laurenca used daily diary entries with couples, self disclosure and perception of self disclosure linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term married couples
56
SELF DISCLOSURE One positive
RWA: couples therapy
57
SELF DISCLOSURE One negative
Culture bias
58
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What is SET part of?
Relationship maintenence
59
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What type of theory is this?
An economic theory
60
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Who did this theory?
Thibaut & Kelley
61
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What view does this theory take?
Social relationships run in a similar way to businesses, negotiating for best deal
62
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What principle is this based on?
Operant conditioning: form and maintain relationships bc they are rewarding
63
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Give three reward examples
Comfort, sex, love + affection
64
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What is assumed we all do?
Maximise our profits bc relationships can be costly
65
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Give three ways relationships can be costly?
Time consuming, hardwork
66
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What is the comparison level?
Developing a standard by comparing relationships, based on past relationships and what we expect to give/recieve
67
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What happens if we judge the potential profit of a new relationship to exceed that of an existing one?
Become dissatisfied
68
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY What do we make?
A comparison level for alternatives where we weigh up potential increases in rewards from a new partner, minus any costs involved in ending current relationship (CLalt)
69
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Give the research support
Kurdek and Schmitt: questionnaire, greater satisfaction came w positive perception of relationships. Alternatives viewed less attractively
70
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Give two positves
RWA: couples counselling RWA: gaslighting oneself, attractive but...
71
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Give two negatives
Determinism Culture bias
72
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Main psychologist?
Rusbutt
73
THE INVESTMENT MODEL What is the investment model about?
Factors influencing time and emotional investment in a relationship
74
THE INVESTMENT MODEL What factors influence time and emotional investment in a relationship?
Satisfaction, Alternatives, Investments
75
THE INVESTMENT MODEL What do satisfaction, alternatives and investments make up, and what does this lead to?
Make up commitment levels, leading to whether a person stays or leaves
76
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Describe satisfaction levels
Positive vs negative emotions experienced
77
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Describe investment size
Contributes to stability, increases dependency so more commitment
78
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Describe quality of alternatives
Potential other partners
79
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Define intrinsic
Motivation from within, eg happiness or sex
80
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Define extrinsic
External motivation, children or financial stability
81
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Le and Agnew supporting research
Meta analysis of 52 studies, 11-000 pps. Satisfaction, comp w alternatives and investment contributed to commitment, a key feature of long lasting relationships
82
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Give a positive
RWA: can explain why pp stay in abusive relationships, may feel investment will be lost even if costs are high
83
THE INVESTMENT MODEL Give two negatives
Methodology issues: most research is correlations, limits predictive validity therefore scientific rigour Questionnaires: self report technique and subjective scales
84
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What should you mention at the beginning?
Social exchange theory and/or equity
85
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? Who proposed the model of breakdown?
Rollie and Duck
86
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What is stage one?
Breakdown: "I can't stand this"
87
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What is stage two?
Intrapsychic: brooding on faults
88
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What is stage three?
Dyadic: discussion
89
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What is stage four?
Social: seeking support
90
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What is stage five?
Grave dressing: stories prepared, a way of tying up memories
91
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? When are relationships still salvageable?
Stages one to three
92
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What did Tashino et al say?
Lots of benefits to the Grave Dressing Stage, psychological closure
93
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? What did Duck realise?
There was a flaw in og model, we can learn from every exp we go through
94
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? Stage six was then added, what was it?
Resurrection: changing and moving on
95
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? Give Tashira's research support
92 undergrads, all reported had grown/learned via a previous relationship.
96
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? Give one positive
RWA: Counselling
97
WHY DO RELATIONSHIPS BREAKDOWN? Give three negatives
- Ethics - Gender bias: assumes men and women the same - Culture bias
98
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What is a parasocial relationship?
One sided, unreciprocal. Role of social media increases the prevelance and intensity
99
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What are the two parts of parasocial?
Absorption addiction model, attachment types
100
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Who did absorbtion addiction and what did they say?
McCucheon, most pp never go beyond admiring but psr occur if there is something lacking
101
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What is stage one of ABAD?
Entertainment social: admire celebs, may eep up w news to be more sociable w peers, "water cooler moments"
102
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What is stage two of ABAD?
Intense personal: intense/obsessive feelings can become addictive, compulsive
103
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What is stage three of ABAD?
Borderline pathological, uncontrollable beh and fantasies, total obsessions
104
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS How does Eysneck's personality q support the ABAD?
Correlation, ES linked to extraversion, IP linked to neuroticism, introverts more likely to be BP
105
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS What is Jenkin's positive of the ABAD?
Practice relationships, what you want from somebody else
106
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Who did the attachment types part?
McCaan, PSR tent to originate in insecure attachments, most likely insecure resistant. Make no demands unlike real relationships, no risk of rejection
107
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS How did Keinlen support the attachment types?
63% of stalkers seperation from an attachment figure
108
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS How did cole et al support the attachment types?
Insecurely attachmed far more prone to PR w TV personalities
109
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Give two negatives
- Hereditary: rooted in genes, hunters, rather than celeb culture - Methodology: self report, correlation
110
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS What should you mention briefly in a 16 marker?
Self disclosure
111
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Online, what happens in terms of self disclosure?
We use different levels, public vs private. Public more self edited and less intimate
112
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS What did Rubin's anonymity strangers on the train study show?
More likely to open up online bc there are fewer repercussions. Confidentiality, social circle not known. Don't have to self edit or fear rejection
113
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS What is gating?
Ftf relationships, barriers to formation "ick"
114
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Is gating absent on cmc?
Yes, means relationship can develop to point self disclosure becomes deeper and more frequent
115
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Give two examples of gating
Shyness, speech imped
116
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Give two positives
:) 70% of the online relationships last longer than 2 years :) RWA: 38% of all US single pp have tried dating this way, higher levels of disclosure
117
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Give two negatives
:( Catfishing :( Methodology: self report technique

Psychology (11 decks)

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