Approaches Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
History of psychology-
What year did William Wundt open the first psychology lab?
A
1879
2
Q
History of psychology-
Who developed ideas on the unconscious mins? And when?
A
Sigmund Freud, in 1900
3
Q
History of psychology-
Who created the cognitive approach? When?
A
Watson and Skinner, 1913
4
Q
History if psychology-
Who created the humanistic approach? When?
A
Rodgers and Moscow, in the 1950s
5
Q
History of psychology-
Who introduced the social learning theory? When?
A
Bandura, 1960
6
Q
History of psychology-
When was the biological approach formed?
A
In the 1980s
7
Q
History of psychology-
When were the biological and cognitive approaches linked?
A
20th century
8
Q
History of psychology- William Wundt-
What is subjectivity?
A
A researchers views, values or beliefs effect the results (biased)
9
Q
History of psychology- William wundt-
What is objectivity?
A
Not biased- when data is based on empirical methods
10
Q
History of psychology- William Wundt-
What does it mean by systematic?
A
- praised fro high control
- all colleagues had the same instructions
- this level of control is structuralism
11
Q
History of psychology-
What is a science?
A
Developing knowledge and understanding through systematic and objective study in order to develop general law
12
Q
History of psychology-
When did behaviourist approach emerge and what are the factors?
A
1900s
Only believes in the use of controlled lab studies to develop laws on behaviour,
Questions wundts development of introspection as being too subjective,
Control = science
13
Q
History of psychology-
When was the cognitive approach introduced and what were the factors?
A
1950s
Linked the computer yo the mind.
Used technology as a controlled way for their predictions
14
Q
History of psychology-
When was the biological approach a introduced and what were the key features?
A
1980s
Further development on technology meant that even more control can be used by biopsychologists
15
Q
Behaviours it approach-
Who put this approach forward? What year?
A
Watson in 1931
16
Q
Behaviourist approach-
What did Watson argue?
A
- wundts introspection as to vague and subjective
- only directly observable behaviours should be studied
- this should be done through controlled and objective methods
17
Q
Behaviourist approach-
What does the behaviourist approach argue?
A
Behaviour is learnt through classical and operant conditioning
18
Q
Behaviourist approach-
What is a babies mind compared to?
A
A black slate
19
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is classical conditioning?
A
Learning through association
20
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A
A thing that naturally causes the unconditioned response
21
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is an unconditioned response?
A
I natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
22
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is the neutral stimulus?
A
A thing that doesn’t naturally produce the unconditioned response
23
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A
Once the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together then the natural stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus
24
Q
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
What is a conditioned response?
A
The learnt response to the conditioned stimulus
25
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequence
26
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is positive reinforcement?
A positive outcome following a desired behaviour
27
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is negative reinforcement?
A removal of something negative when the desired behaviour is shown
28
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What is punishment?
The addition of something negative following a behaviour that is not desired
29
Social learning theory-
What parts of the social learning theory agrees with the behaviourist approach?
We learn through environment
30
Social learning theory-
What is the other method of learning that he social learning theory suggests?
Learning through observation
31
Social learning theory-
What is vicarious reinforcement?
We look to see how our role models behaviour is reviewed before we imitate
32
Social learning theory-
What is identification?
Likely to choose similar role models who share similar characteristics, or have something we desire (typically status)
33
Social learning theory- role of the meditational process-
What are the four steps?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
34
Social learning theory- the role of them educational process-
What is meant by attention?
If we don’t notice the behaviour we cannot imitate
35
social learning theory- the role of the meditational process-
What is meant by retention?
If we don’t remember what we have seen we won’t initiate
36
Social learning theory- the role of the mediational process-
What is meant by motor reproduction?
If we don’t have the physical ability to copy the behaviour then we cannot imitate
37
Social learning theory- the role of the meditational process-
What is meant by motivation?
If we are not willing to perform the behaviour we will not imitate
38
Social learning theory-
What does this approach link together?
The learning approaches to the cognitive approach
39
Biological approach-
What does the biological approach suggest about the brain?
That it contains the mind
40
Biological approach- genetics-
What does the biological approach believe about behaviour?
That it is inherited through genetics
41
Biological approach- genetics-
What are the two types of twins and how much DNA do they share?
Monozygotic (share 100% )(identical twins)
Dizygotic twins (share 50%)(fraternal twins)
42
Biological approach- genetics-
What is it called when Mz twins hare the same behaviours/ characteristics?
Concordat
43
Biological approach- genetics-
What is concordance?
The extent to which one twin expresses the same behaviour/characteristics as the other twin
44
Biological approach- genetics-
What is a genotype?
All inherited information (our gene makeup) not all information is physically noticeable
45
Biological approach- genetics-
What is a phenotype?
The expression of our genes
46
Biological approach- biological structures-
Who investigated into where CD is located in the brain? What year?
Rauch (1994)
47
Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do neurochemicals do?
Travel across synapses
48
Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What does an imbalance of neurochemicals cause?
Issues in functioning
49
Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do high levels of dopamine cause?
Schizophrenia
50
Biological approach- neurochemistry-
What do low levels of serotonin cause?
OCD
51
Biological approach- evolution and behaviour-
How does survival of the fittest work?
Traits that aided survival were passed on
52
Biological approach- evolution and behaviour-
What are some examples of current behaviours that would have aided survival?
- women have a sweet tooth,
- men prefer to sleep closer to the door
- men have better special skills
- women are better at expressing themselves
- men are more likely to be promiscuous
- bitter foods are less popular
53
Cognitive approach-
When did it become popular?
In the 1950s (because computers were developing)
54
The cognitive approach-
What does the cognitive approach take into account that the behaviourist approach doesn’t?
Mental processes
55
The cognitive approach-
What is an inference?
Going beyond the evidence presented to make assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed
56
The cognitive approach-
What do cognitive psychologists study?
Mental processes. Such as: reasoning, perception, meme or y and language
57
Cognitive approach-
What is a schema?
A pocket of information, that helps us to organise and interpret information, based on past experiences
58
Cognitive approach- schemas-
What schemas are babies born with?
Grasping and sucking
59
Cognitive approach- schemas-
What causes schemas to develop an evolve?
Experiences
60
Cognitive approach- theoretical model-
What is the theoretical model?
It represents teh steps involved in the internal mental processes
61
Cognitive approach- theoretical model-
Is the theoretical model abstract or an actual process?
Abstract
62
Cognitive approach- computer model-
What represents the brain in this model?
The CPU
63
Cognitive approach- computer model-
What is the equivalent to the input in our brains?
Stimuli from the environment, via senses
64
Cognitive approach- computer model-
What is equivalent to processing i n humans?
Info is encoded and processed
65
Cognitive approach- computer. Model-
What is the output equivalent to in humans?
Observable behaviour
66
Cognitive approach-
Id the computer more or less concrete than the theoretical model?
More
67
Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Uses technology to identify brain structures/ neurochemical responses to certain behaviours
68
Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is a PET scan?
- radioactive substance is injected
- it is traced to see which parts of the brain are active when completing certain activities
69
Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is an EEG?
- sensors on a cap work by measuring the brain activity and categorising then in ti different frequencies
70
Cognitive approach- cognitive neuroscience-
What is am MRI?
- patient lies in a tube which contains magnets where radio waves are used to provide an image of the brain
71
Cognitive approach-
What is the Turing test?
A test given to computers to see if they are human
72
Psychodynamic approach-
What did Freud compare the mind to?
An iceberg
73
Psychodynamic approach-
What is the tip of the iceberg coamred to?
Conscious mind
74
Psychodynamic approach-
What odes the middle of the iceberg refer to?
The preconscious mind
75
Psychodynamic approach-
What is the bottom of the iceberg symbolising?
The unconscious mind
76
Psychodynamic approach-
What does the conscious mind contain?
Everything we are currently aware of
77
Psychodynamic approach-
What does the preconscious mind contain?
Contains things that are not currently running through our mind but we can easily access
78
Psychodynamic approach-
What does the unconscious mind contain?
Characteristics that make us uncomfortable when thinking about, so we suppress them (largest part of the mind)
79
Psychodynamic approach-
What are two things that are located in the conscious mind?
Thoughts, and perceptions
80
Psychodynamic approach-
What is in the preconscious mind?
Memories, knowledge
81
Psychodynamic approach-
What is found in the unconscious memory?
Fears, irrational wishes, selfish needs, unaccepted sexual desires, some memories, violent motives, shameful experiences, and immoral urges
82
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the ID?
The primitive part of the personality
83
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the EGO?
Rational part of the personality
84
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What is the SUPEREGO?
The moral compass
85
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which part of the personality is the first part to develop?
The ID
86
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What odes it mean if you have a dominant ID?
Very selfish and uncaring, risky and permanent/dangerous behaviours
87
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What are the IDs two primal drives?
Eros (life), Thanatos (death)
88
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
When does the EGO develop?
At 18 months
89
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What does it mean to have a dominant EGO?
Seen as boring efficient and rational
90
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which parts of the mind is the EGO located in?
All three
91
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
Which part of the mind is the SUPEREGO located in?
Conscious and preconscious mind
92
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
What features do people with a prominent SUPEREGO have?
Critical with perfectionist tendencies
93
Psychodynamic approach- structure of the personality-
When dies the SUPEREGO develop?
Between the ages of 3 to 6
94
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the ORAL stage occur?
0 to 18 months
95
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the ANAL stage occur?
18 months to 3 years
96
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the PHALLIC stage occur?
3 to 5 years
97
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the LATENCY stage occur?
5 to 11 years
98
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
When does the GENITAL stage occur?
Puberty onwards
99
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the ORAL stage?
Pleasure gained from sucking activities
100
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is an oral aggressive personality?
When the child is under-stimulated,
101
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an oral aggressive personality cause?
Smokes, aggressive, trust issues
102
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is an oral receptive personality?
When we are over- stimulated
103
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What are the effects of an oral receptive personality?
Too trusting, overly co-dependant
104
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the ANAL stage?
Pleasure gained from bowel control
105
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does it mean to have a an anally retentive personality?
You were punished for not having the control as a child
106
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an anally retentive personality cause?
Perfectionist
107
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does it mean if you have an anally expulsive personality?
Potty training was relaxed as a child
108
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What does an anally expulsive personality cause?
Disorganised
109
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What is the PHALLIC stage?
Pleasure gained from genitals and Oedipal complex
110
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What do issues in identifying with the same sex parent cause?
Gender role issues or homosexuality
111
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What happens in the LATENCY stage?
Nothing. Fixations cannot happen here
112
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What happens in the GENITAL stage?
Pleasure gained form heterosexual relationships
113
Psychodynamic approach- psychosexual stages-
What did Frued believe in this stage?
Fixation was healthy here, and any fixation developed in other stages would be shown here
114
Psychodynamic approach-
What is the Oedipal complex?
Suggests in the phallic stage that boys want to possess their mothers and want to rid themselves if their father
115
Psychodynamic approach-
What is castration anxiety?
Young boys worry about their fathers finding out about their love for the mother and develop a fear that their father will cut off their penis
116
Psychodynamic approach-
What is the Electra complex?
The desire of young girls to have a penis
117
Psychodynamic approach-
What did Freud think about the Electra complex?
He rejected this, he did not believe it was a good replacement for castration anxiety
118
Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What are defence mechanisms?
Strategies used by the EGO to protect us from situations that cause anxiety
119
Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is repression?
An act of burying information in the unconscious mind as it is too traumatic
120
Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is denial?
Not facing up to their problems and pretending it isn’t happening
121
Psychodynamic approach- defence mechanism-
What is displacement?
Unable to ex[press our feelings to the person causing us stress so we take out our feelings on another
122
Humanistic approach-
When did it become popular?
The 1950s
123
Humanistic approach-
What is it the only approach to consider?
Free will
124
Humanistic approach-
What does the approach believe?
That we are motivated to be our best and and we have the inner power to reach our full potential
125
Humanistic approach- Moscow-
What did Moscow believe?
- we have free will
- we have control of our identity/destiny
- we have a choice of how we act
- we overcome hurdles through self determination
126
Humanistic approach-
What is self determination?
Working towards our full potential
