Biopsychology Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
NS + ES-
What is the nervous system?
A
Highly organised system that consists of a network of specialised cells, internal communication based on electrical and chemical
2
Q
NS + ES-
What is the CNS made up of?
A
The brain and the spine
3
Q
NS + ES-
What does the brain do in the CNS?
A
Processes information
4
Q
NS + ES-
What is the spines function in the CNS?
A
The spine sends signals to the rears of the body
5
Q
NS + ES-
What does the PNS stand for?
A
Peripheral nervous system
6
Q
NS + ES-
How does the PNS transmit signals?
A
Through nerve cells
7
Q
NS + ES-
What systems can the PNS be divided into?
A
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Somatic nervous system (SNS)
8
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the ANS?
A
Controls digestion, breathing and heart rate
9
Q
NS + ES-
What are the two branches of the ANS?
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
10
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the sympathetic branch?
A
Fight or flight
11
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the parasympathetic branch?
A
Rest and digest
12
Q
NS + ES
What is the function of the SNS?
A
Controls muscle movement and receives information from the SNS and sensory registers
13
Q
NS + ES- ES-
What is a gland?
A
An organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones
14
Q
NS + ES- ES-
What are hormones?
A
A biochemical substance that circulates in the bloodstream, but only effects certain organs. They are produced in large quantities but dissipated quickly
15
Q
NS + ES- ES-
Are hormones powerful?
A
Yes, very
16
Q
NS + ES-
What are all the different glands?
A
Pancreas, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland
17
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the pancreas?
A
Regulates insulin and aids digestion,producing enzymes
18
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
A
Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, to trigger biological fight or flight
19
Q
NS + ES-
Gat is the function of the ovaries?
A
Produces oestrogen/progesterone to regulate reproduction
20
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the testes?
A
Produces testosterone to regulate reproduction
21
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
A
Produces thyroxine to regulate growth and metabolism
22
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the pituitary gland ?
A
Master gland which instructs other glands
23
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
A
Controls the pituitary gland, links to the CNS
24
Q
NS + ES-
What is the function of the pineal gland?
A
Controls the release of serotonin and melatonin
25
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What does a nucleus contain?
Contains all genetic information
26
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are dendrites?
Recovers messages from other neurones
27
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What is an axon?
Transmits electrical impulse
28
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What is the myelin sheath?
Fatty cells which act as insulation to speed up transmission
29
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are Schwann cells?
Forms the myelin sheath
30
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are the nodes of ranvier?
The breaks in the myelin sheath, speeds up transmission (jumps)
31
Neurones + synaptic transmission-
What are the axon terminals?
Electrical impulses are converted into chemical messages
32
Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the sensory neutrons?
Found in the PNS, transmits information taken in by the sensory receptors (usually skin), info is sen to the CNS
33
Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the sensory neutrons?
Found in the PNS, transmits information taken in by the sensory receptors (usually skin), info is sen to the CNS
34
Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is the relay neurone?
Based mostly in the CNS, acts as a go between all the neutrons,
35
Neurones + synaptic transmission- T of N-
What is a motor neurone?
Cell bodies of these neurones are typically located in the spinal cord, long axons (forms part of the PNS), takes info away from m the CNS
36
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What happens on synaptic transmission?
Neurone becomes positively charged when stimuli is encountered, axon potential travels down the axon, and moves to the next dendrites
37
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What are the secs called in the axon terminals?
Vesicles
38
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What do the sacs hold?
Neurotransmitters
39
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What is the gap between neurones called?
Synapse
40
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Where are the vesicles located?
The pre-synaptic neurone
41
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Where are the receptor cells located?
The post-synaptic neurone
42
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What does inhibitory mean?
Action potential is less likely to fire
43
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What is excitatory?
Action potential is more likely to fire
44
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Is serotonin more negatively or positively charged?
Negatively charged
45
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What effect does serotonin have on the body?
A relaxation y effect
46
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
Is adrenaline more negatively charged or positively charged?
Positively charged
47
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What effect does adrenaline have on the body?
Non-calming effect
48
Neurones + synaptic transmission-ST-
What does summation mean?
How likely the action potential is to fire (net effect)
49
Fight or Flight-
What is the first step in the fight or flight response?
Sympathomedullory (SAM) pathway is activated
50
Fight or Flight-
What is the second step in the fight or flight response?
Amygdala sends a stress signal to the hypothalamus
51
Fight or Flight-
What is the third step to the fight or flight response?
Hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland
52
Fight or Flight-
What is the fourth step to the fight or flight response?
Sympathetic branch of the ANS is activated which causes the body to change from resting state but not active state
53
Fight or Flight-
What is the fifth step in the fight or fight response?
Adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal gland) releases adrenaline
54
Fight or Flight-
What is the sixth step of the fight or flight response?
Physiological changes to the body occur to deal with the stressor
55
Fight or Flight-
What are some of the changes the body goes through?
Increased breathing, increased heart rate, pupil dilation, sweat production and reduction of non essential functions
56
L of F-
What does the frontal lobe control?
Reasoning, motor control, emotions, and language
57
L of F-
What is the function of the perineal lobe?
Integrates information form the bodies senses to make a full picture
58
L of F-
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Interpretation of incoming visual information
59
L of F-
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Language, memory acquisition, face recognition, object recognition, perception, and processing auditory information
60
L of F-
Where is the motor cortex found?
The back of the frontal lobe
61
L of F-
What odes the motor cortex control?
Voluntary movement
62
L of F-
Where is the somatosensory cortex found?
The front of the perineal lobe
63
L of F-
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
Processes sensory information
64
L of F-
Where is the visual cortex found?
Found in the occipital lobe
65
L of F-
What is the function of the visual cortex?
Visual information for each eye is sent to the visual cortex
66
L of F-
Where is the auditory cortex found?
Found in the temporal lobes
67
L of F-
What is the function of the auditory cortex?
Processes speech and sound information
68
L of F- Language centres-
Which hemisphere are they located in?
The left hemisphere
69
L of F- Language centres-
What does Broca’s area manage?
The production of language
70
L of F- Language centres-
What does Wernicke’s area manage?
The understanding of language
71
L of F- Language centres-
What is Brocas aphasia?
You can understand language but not produce speech
72
L of F- Language centres-
What is werickes aphasia?
Normal production of language with an impaired understanding of language
73
L of F- Phineas Gage-
How was Gage injuried?
A metal part of a railway track he was building was imaged through his left eye and out his head (took most of his frontal lobe)
74
L of F- Phineas Gage-
What happened to his personality?
Went from calm and reserved to quick tempered and rude
75
L of F- Phineas Gage-
What does Gages personality change suggest about localisation?
The frontal lobe is responsible for temperament
76
L of F- Phineas Gage-
What year was Gage observed?
1848, aged 25
77
HL-
What does lateralisation mean?
Only located in one area
78
HL-
What is an example of heliospheric lateralisation?
Language is lateralised to the left hemisphere
79
HL-
What things are not lateralised?
Motor functions, visual processing and somatosensory functions
80
HL- SB-
What does split brain refer to?
Corpus colostomy
81
HL- SB-
What is corpus colostomy?
Severing the corpus coliseum so the two hemispheres cannot communicate
82
HL- SB-
What can corpus colostomy be used to treat?
Epilepsy
83
HL- SB- WJ-
Who conducted the case study on WJ?
Sperry and Gazzaniga
84
HL- SB- WJ-
What was the procedure?
Stimulus was flashed in each visual field and he was asked what he saw
85
HL- SB- WJ-
What were the findings?
RVF (LH) he could say what he saw
LVF (RH) could not say what he saw
The right hemisphere noticed the stimuli but couldn’t communicate with the left to say what it was, however he could draw what it was with his left hand
86
P + FR-
What is plasticity?
Brain is capable of changing during our lives
87
P + FR-
What aged child has double the amount of synapses adults have?
2-3 year old
88
P + FR-
What is synaptic pruning?
When unused pathways are cancelled and more frequently used ones become stronger
89
P + FR- Maguire-
What study done by Maguire shows this in progress?
Bus driver vs taxi driver
90
P + FR- Bogdan + Drogansk-
What was this study?
Brain images were taken of students 3 months before an exam and 3 months after
91
P + FR- Bogdan + Drogansk-
What were the findings?
Learning induced changes in the brain
92
P + FR- FR-
What is functional recovery?
Following injury or trauma we are able to adapt and compensate for the damaged areas
93
P + FR- FR-
What is functional recovery an example of?
Neural plasticity
94
P + FR- FR-
When does functional recovery occur?
Quickly after trauma, and then slows down after several weeks or months
95
P + FR- FR-
What may patients require along with functional recovery?
Rehabilitation the-reply
96
P + FR- FR-
What happens during functional recovery?
The brain is able to rewrite and reorganise itself by forming new synaptic connections
97
P + FR- FR-
What can functional recovery be compared to?
Taking a different route on the way to a destination to avoid roadworks
98
P + FR- FR-
What are the three structural changes in the brain?
Atonal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity, recruitment of homologous
99
P + FR- FR-
What is atonal sprouting?
The growth of new nerve endings, which connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form neural pathways
100
P + FR- FR-
What is denervation super sensitivity?
This occurs when axons that do similar jobs become aroused to a higher level to compensate for the ones that are lost, can have a negative consequence of over sensitivity
101
P + FR- FR-
What is recruitment of homologous?
Similar ares on opposite sides of the brain. Meaning specific tasks can still be performed.
102
P + FR- FR-
What is an example of recruitment of homologous?
Is Broca’s area was damaged, the equivalent part of the brain in the right hemisphere would take over
103
Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
104
Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
How does an fMRI work?
Detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow.
105
Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI produce?
Three dimensional images
106
Ways of studying the brain- fMRI-
What does fMRI help us understand?
Localisation of function
107
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
108
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What is the function of an EEG?
Measures electrical activity within the brain via electrodes
109
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
Where are the electrodes fixed to?
Fixed to a skull cap is fixed to an individuals scalp
110
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does the scan recording represent?
Generation from the actions of thousands of neurons
111
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What do EEGs show?
Overall account of brain activity
112
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What is arrhythmic patterns of activity?
No particular rhythm
113
Ways of studying the brain- EEG-
What does arrhythmic patterns of activity indicate?
Neurological abnormalities (epilepsy, tumours, or some sleep disorders)
114
Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
What is an ERP?
Event related potentials
115
Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
What are ERPs?
Types of brain waves a that are triggered by certain event s
116
Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
How do we get ERPs?
Through EEGs
117
Ways of studying the brain- ERP-
How do neuroscientists remove extraneous variables?
Using a statistical averaging technique
118
Ways of studying the brain- post Morton examinations-
What is a post-mortem examination?
The analysis of a persons brain after they have passed away
119
Ways of studying the brain- post-mortem examinations-
What are individuals likely to have is they get one?
A rare disorder and have experiences rare deficits in cognitive or behavioural processes
120
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What do biological rhythms affect?
The way our bodily systems behave
121
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What two things are our biological rhythms governed by?
- internal biological clock
- external changes in the environment
122
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is our internal clock also known as?
Endogenous pacemaker
123
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is changes to our environment known as?
Exogenous zeirgebers
124
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are the rhythms that occur multiple rimes during the day?
Ultradian rhythms
125
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are rhythms called that take more than a day to complete?
Infradian rhythms
126
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are rhythms that take much longer than a day to complete?
Cir annual rhythms
127
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What are circadian rhythms?
Rhythms that last around 24 hours
128
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-
What is an example of a circadian rhythm?
Sleep/wake cycle or body temperature cycle
129
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the exogenous zeitgeber associated with the sleep wale cycle?
Light
130
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the biological clock that also governs the sleep/wake cycle known as?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
131
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
Where can we find the SCN?
Just above the optic chasm
132
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What is the function of the optic chasm?
Provides information from the eye about light
133
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What resorts the SCN?
Light (exogenous zeirgebers)
134
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- S/W Cycle-
What questions do researchers aim to answer?
Without the external stimulus of light, do we still fall asleep and wake up at similar times?
135
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What is Siffe?
A self styled caveman
136
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What did siffe aim to study?
His own biological rhythms
137
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What was he deprived of in the cave?
Natural sound and light
138
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
Where did his first experiment take place?
Southern alps
139
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
When did siffe think he resurfaced vs when he actually resurfaced?
Though he resurfaced mid august, but resurfaced mid September
140
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
How many years after the first study did siffe repeat the study?
10 years
141
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
How long did the second study take?
6 months
142
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
Where was the second study conducted?
In a Texan cave
143
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Siffes cave study-
What was found about the ‘free running’ biological rhythm?
It settled to around 25 hours, and fell asleep and woke up on a regular schedule
144
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
How long were the pps deprived of natural light?
4 weeks
145
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
Where was the study conducted?
A WW2 bunker
146
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
How many outliers were there?
One
147
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What was the outliers circadian rhythm?
29 hours
148
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What was the circadian rhythm of all of the other pps?
Between 24 and 25 hours
149
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What does the bunker experiment and siffes experiment suggest?
Our ‘natural’ sleep/wake cycle may be slightly longer than 24 hours
150
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR- Aschoff and Wever-
What do psychologists believe changes out sleep/wake cycle to 24 hours?
Number of daylight hours, typical mealtimes etc
151
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How many people were involved in the study?
12
152
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How long did the pps live in a cave?
Three weeks
153
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What time were the pps forced to go to bed?
11.45 pm
154
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What time were the pps forced to wake up?
7.45 am
155
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What did Folkard end up shortening the day to?
22 hour day
156
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
How many of the a12 pps were able to comfortably adjust to the new cycle?
1
157
Biological rhythms- Circadian rhythms- BR-Folkard-
What does this experiment suggest?
The existence of a strong free-running circadian rhythm that cannot be over-ridden by exogenous zeirgebers
158
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What is an example of an infradian rhythm?
Menstrual cycle
159
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
When does the menstrual cycle refer too?
The first day of the period to the day before the next period starts
160
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What hormone leads to the releasing of the egg?
Oestrogen
161
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What is the function of progesterone?
To make the womb lining grow thicker
162
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC-
What happens is pregnancy does not occur?
Egg is absorbed into the body, the womb lining comes away
163
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How many women were involved in the study?
29
164
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What did all the women have a history of?
Irregular periods
165
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How many women were pheromones gathered form?
9
166
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How were the pheromones gathered?
Cotton pad in their armpit for at least 8 hours
167
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
When the cotton pads were removed how were they treated?
They were treated with alcohol and then frozen
168
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What part of the women were the pads rubbed on?
Their upper lip
169
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
How was it decided what cotton pads would be rubbed on what day?
On day one of the study, day one of the ‘odour donors’ cycle, day two= day two of ‘odour donors’ cycle etc
170
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- MC- Stern and McClintock-
What were the findings?
68% of the women experienced changes to their cycle, which bought them closer to the cycle of the ‘odour donor’
171
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What does SAD stand for?
Seasonal affective disorder
172
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What is SAD?
A depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern
173
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What are the symptoms of SAD?
Persistent low-mood, general lack of activity and interest in life
174
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What type of rhythm is SAD?
A particular type of Infradian rhythm called circanual rhythm (as it has a yearly cycle)
175
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
Why can it be classed as a circadian rhythm?
May be due to a disruption in our sleep wake cycle, (prolonged daily darkness in winter)
176
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-IR- SAD-
What was hypothesised about SAD?
At night the pineal gland secretes melatonin until dawn when there is an increase in light, in winter the lack of light in the morning means this secretion process continues for longer, knock on effect to produce serotonin, which is linked to depressive symptoms
177
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is the most researched ultradian rhythm?
Stages of sleep
178
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
How many stages are there in sleep?
5
179
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
How long do the stages last overall?
90 mins
180
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is each stage characterised by?
A different level of brainwave activity
181
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are stages 1 and 2?
Light sleep, where someone is easily woken,
182
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the brain waves like in stage one?
High frequency and short aptitude,
183
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the waves in stage one known as?
Alpha waves
184
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What occurs in stage two?
Alpha waves continue, but are occasionally interrupted by changes in pattern,
185
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What are the changes in wave pattern known as?
Sleep spindles
186
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is stages 3 and 4?
Deep sleep
187
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What does SWS mean to when Ealing about stages 3 and 4?
Slow wave sleep
188
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What kind of brain waves are present in stages 3 and 4?
Delta waves, lower frequency and higher amplitude
189
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
Is it easy or difficult to wake someone up from sleep at stages 3 and 4?
Difficult
190
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What is stage 5?
REM sleep, the body is paralysed, but brain activity closely resembles that of when we are awake
191
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What brain waves are profiled in stage 5?
Theta waves
192
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement
193
Biological rhythms- infradian and ultradian rhythms-UR-
What mental processes mostly occur in stage 5?
Dreams
194
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
What is the SCN and where is it located?
A bundle of nerve cells, located in the hypothalamus in each hemisphere
195
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
Is the SCN a primary endogenous pacemaker?
Yes
196
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN-
What does the SCN help to maintain?
The circadian rhythms
197
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What animals were used and how many?
30 chipmunks
198
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What was done to these animals?
Their SCN connections were destroyed
199
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
How long were they observed for?
80 days
200
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What happened to the chipmunks?
Their sleep wale cycle disappeared,
201
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Decoursey-
What did the lack of sleep/wake cycle cause?
Majority of them were killed by predators
202
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What did Ralph breed?
Mutant hamsters
203
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What was mutant about these hamsters?
They had a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle
204
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- SCN and animal studies- Ralph-
What happened when SCN cells from the foetal tissue was transplanted into the brains of normal hamster?
They developed a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle
205
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Where does the SCN pass information about the day length and light?
Pineal gland
206
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Where is the pineal gland located?
Just behind the hypothalamus,
207
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
Is the pineal gland a endogenous mechanism?
Yes
208
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers- pineal gland and melatonin-
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Produces melatonin while asleep
209
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light-
What can light reset?
The bodies main endogenous pacemaker,
210
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light-
What does light have an indirect affect on?
Hormone secretion and blood circulation
211
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What did they determine?
Light can be detected by skin receptor sites,
212
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
How many pps were used?
15
213
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What was the procedure?
Light was shone on the back of the knees
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Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- light- Campbell and Murphy-
What were teh findings?
Pps work up before they usually would (up to three hours)
215
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What is babies initial sleep/wake cycle?
Random
216
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What are to the babies circadian rhythms begin?
6 weeks
217
Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What age are the babies circadian rhythms entrained?
16 weeks
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Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeirgebers-EZ- social cues-
What was found out about jet lag?
Adjusting for local times of eating and sleeping is a successful way of entraining circadian rhythms
