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Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

self definition

A

ideas and values that characterise ‘I’ and ‘me’ , including valuing and perception of what ‘I can do’

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2
Q

identification definition

A

copying the behaviour of others

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3
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

maslow -
physiological needs - food, water, shelter
safety and security - health, employment, property
love and belonging - friends, family, intimacy
self esteem - confidence, achievements, respect for others
self actualisation - full potential and purpose

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4
Q

mediational processes definition

A

cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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5
Q

comparison - determinism

A

behaviourism - environmental determinism, external influences that are out of our control

biological - genetic determinism, no control over genes

psychodynamic - psychic determinism, unconscious drives are cause of behaviour

cognitive - soft determinism, choose own thoughts, but can only operate based off of learned knowledge and past experience

humanism - free will, we have full control

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6
Q

levels of consciousness

A

conscious - we are aware of
preconscious - contains thoughts and memories which can be accessed if desired
unconscious - not aware of

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7
Q

comparison - reductionism vs holism

A

behaviourism - reductionist, complex behaviour is broken up into stimulus response units

biological - reductionist, all behaviour is explained at neural / genetic levels

psychodynamic - mixture, reduces behaviour to just drives and instincts, however 3 parts of personality is seen as more holistic.

cognitive - machine reductionism, presents people as information processing systems and ignores emotions

humanism - holistic, all aspects are considered

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8
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years
focus of pleasure is the genital area
fixation = narcissistic and reckless

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9
Q

assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

internal mental processes are private and can only be studied by inferences of behaviour

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10
Q

modelling definition (observer)

A

imitating the behaviour of a role model

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11
Q

cognitive approach definition

A

focus on how internal mental processes affect our behaviour

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12
Q

genes definition

A

make up chromosomes and contain DNA, which codes the physical and psychological features of an organism.
inherited, passed from parents to offspring

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13
Q

order of approaches (chronological)

A
  • 17th - 19th century part of philosophy
  • 1879 wundt opens lab in germany
  • 1900s - psychodynamic
  • 1913 - behaviourism
  • 1950s - humanistic
  • 1950s - cognitive
  • 1960s - SLT
  • 1980s - biological
  • 21st century - cognitive neuroscience
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14
Q

kinds of twins

A

monozygotic (MZ) - identical
dizygotic (DZ) - non-identical

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15
Q

congruence definition

A

when self-concept and ideal self match

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16
Q

cognitive neuroscience definition

A

scientific study of the biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

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17
Q

mediational processes

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

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18
Q

types of punishment

A
  • positive - negative stimuli given
  • negative - positive stimuli removed.
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19
Q

psychosexual stages

A
  • must resolve each conflict in order to progress, if not fixation occurs and behaviours continue throughout life

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

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20
Q

ID definition

A

pleasure principle - primitive part. unconscious drives and instincts, and is only part which is present at birth

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21
Q

counselling

A

rogers’ client centred therapy - individual is expert of own condition, not directed by therapist and creates a warm, welcoming atmosphere

ideally should provide client with
- genuineness
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard

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22
Q

operant conditioning definition

A

a form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

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23
Q

parapraxes

A

slip of the tongue

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24
Q

ego definition

A

reality principle - mediator between id and superego. forms at 2 and employs defence mechanisms

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25
SLT assumptions
people learn through observation and imitation of others
26
comparison - treatments of disorders
behavioural - destructive behaviour has been reinforced, so aim to condition new, healthy responses psychodynamic - disorders due to childhood trauma, psychoanalysis requires patient to reflect on this cognitive - disorders due to faulty thinking, and so combats this through therapy humanism - disorder is due to gap between ideal self and self concept, and so aims to close this by increasing self esteem biological - drugs
27
free will definition
humans can make choices which are not influenced by internal biological or external forces
28
humanistic approach definition
an approach which emphasizes the importance of subjective experience and each person's capacity for self-determination
29
ego defence mechanisms definition
unconscious strategies that the ego used to try and manage the conflicts between the id and superego
30
internal mental processes definition
private operations of the mind that mediate between stimulus and response
31
genotype definition
the set of genes an organism possesses
32
the unconscious definition
the part of the mind which we are unaware of but directs much of our behaviour
33
identification definition
when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them
34
comparison - views on development
psychodynamic - most coherent theory, linking processes and concepts to specific stages which are determined by age cognitive - recognises that schema develops with age biological - genetically determined changes influence characteristics. humanistic - link to child's relationship with parents (unconditional positive regard) behaviourism / SLT - no notion of childhood
35
vicarious reinforcement research
bandura 1961 - children shown videos of adults hitting bobo dolls. the ones who saw aggressive behaviour also behaved aggressively towards bobo doll - also, children who saw adult be praised for behaviour showed most aggression, followed by a control group who saw no response, and the least aggressive group saw the adult being punished
36
assumptions of the biological approach
all behaviour is first biological
37
genital stage
puberty sexual desires become conscious conflict = difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
38
wundt's aim
analyse the nature of human consciousness
39
inference definition
the process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observable behaviour
40
types of reinforcement
positive - given a reward negative - negative stimuli removed
41
vicarious reinforcement definition
reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs by observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
42
phenotype definition
the characteristics of an individual determined by genes and the environment.
43
comparison - nature vs nurture
behaviourism - nurture , blank slate at birth biological - nature, behaviour is a result of genetics psychodynamic - mixture, biological drives and instincts as well as parental relationships humanism - nurture, friends and family have strong impact upon self concept cognitive - mixture, innate schema and information processing abilities, but also are refined through experience
44
Classical conditioning research
Pavlov - 1927 - measured dogs' salivation (UCR) in response to food (UCS. - food was paired with a bell ringing (NS) over time - dogs becan to salivate (CR) to the sound of the bell (CS)
45
evolution definition
changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
46
broca's ares
frontal lobe speech production
47
evaluation of wundt's work
+ some methods well controlled e.g lab study, standardised stimuli - subjective data - relied on self-report
48
schema definition
a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, which are developed form experience
49
reinforcement definition
a consequence of behaviour which increases likelihood of repetition
50
anal stage
1-3 years focus of pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure by withholding and expelling faeces anal retentive = perfectionist anal expulsive = messy
51
wundt's procedure
him and co-workers recorded their experiences of various stimuli, such as different objects or sounds . their observations were divided into thoughts images and sensations
52
oedipus complex
- in phallic stage, boys develop incestrous feelings towards mother and a hatred for father due to rivalry - they fear that their father will castrate them (remove testicles), so repress their feelings and identify with father
53
self actualization definition
the desire to grow psychological and fulfil ones full potential
54
ego defence mechanisms examples
repression - forcing the memory out of the conscious mind denial - refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality displacement - transerfing feelings to a substitute target
55
biological approach definition
a perspective that emphasizes the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetics and neural function
56
assumptions of the behaviourist approach
- internal processes are irrelevant - all behaviour is learned - babies are born with a blank slate as a mind
57
oral stage
0-1 years focus of pleasure is mouth, often mother's breast is object of desire. fixation = biting nails, smoking, critical, sarcastic
58
internal mental processes
attention language memory perception
59
classical conditioning definition
learning by association UCS paired with NS to produce NR over time, paired together repeatedly and UCS becomes CS and NR becomes CR
60
behaviourism definition
a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and learning
61
introspection psychologist
1879 Wundt
62
superego definition
morality principle - internalized sense of right and wrong. represents moral standards of same sex parent, and punishes the ego through guilt. forms around 5
63
conditions of worth definition
when a parent places boundaries on their love for children ' I will love you if...'
64
psychology definition
the scientific study of the mind, behaviour and experience
65
latency
earlier conflicts are repressed
66
information processing approach
information flows through the cognitive system in a series of stages
67
introspection definition
the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations
68
social learning theory definition
a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
69
modelling definition (role model)
demonstration of a specific behaviour which may be imitated by an observer
70
electra complex
at phallic stage, girls develop penis envy, and desire their father as the penis is the primary love object they hate their mother at first, however eventually give up desire for father, and replace with the desire to have a baby
71
operant conditioning research
skinner - 1953 - put rats in a box, every time they pushed a lever, food was dispensed (positive reinforcement) - repeated with the opposite - rats were given electric shocks which stopped when they pressed the lever (negative reinforcement)
72
psychodynamic approach definition
a perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind to direct human behaviour

PSYCH (12 decks)

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