Memory Flashcards
research to support WMM
baddeley
- ppts asked to carry out a visual and verbal task at the same time, and performance was the same as if completed separately, however if given 2 visual taks, performance decreased greatly
clifasefi et al
gave ppts a false personalised food and drink profile, and for one group it included the false information that they had once drunk so much alcohol they were sick
they then completed a memory test including asking if they had ever thrown up from drinking and a number of them said ye, and a number even claimed they dont like certain alcohol due to it
ltm stats
duration - lifetime
capacity - infinite
coding - semantic
two kinds of forgetting
context dependent - external cues
state dependent - internal cue
weapon focus research
scott et al - ppts in waiting room experienced 1 of 2 conditions
- high anxiety - heard heated argument, glass breaking, man walked past with a knife covered in blood
- low anxiety - heard a casual conversation, then man walked past with a pen and greasy hands
those in high anxiety condition could select the man out of 50 photos 33% of the time, in low anxiety, selection was 49%
valentine et al
london dungeon
self reported anxiety and wireless heart monitors
17 % of high anxiety correctly identified a scare actor, whereas 75% of low anxiety could identify the actor
types of interference
proactive - old affects new
retroactive - new affects old
research into positive effects of anxiety
cutshall et al
studied 13 witnesses of a real shooting 4-5 months after
accuracy was determined by the number of details mentioned, and stress was self-reported on a 1-7 point scale
those with higher stress showed higher accuracy (88%) comapred to low stress (75%)
research into duration of stm
peterson and peterson
24 students given a consonant syllable and 3 digit number to count back from to prevent rehersal
on each trial, they were asked to stop after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds to measure retention interval
after 3 seconds, recall = 80%
after 18 it = 3%
research into substitution explaination
loftus and palmer
smashed = more likely to have seen broken glass when it wasn’t there
semantic memory
shared knowledge of the world
not time stamped
less vulnerable to distortion
memory contamination
when co-witnesses discuss crimes, others’ memories can distort their own, as they combine information
actual memory changes
christianson et al
interviewed 58 witnesses to real robberies , some bystanders and others directly involved
those involved had higher stress levels, but also higher accuracy at recall
research on state dependent forgetting
carter et al
gave ppts antihistamine drugs to ppts at learning or recall
- on drug / on drug
- on drug / off drug
- off drug / on drug
- off drug / off drug
- recall was significantly worse in mismatched conditions
types of LTM theorist
tulving
phonological loop
auditory info
- phonological store - stores the words we hear
- articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal by repeating words in a loop
— believed to hold 2 seconds worth of speech
procedural memory
knowledge of how to do things
recall without effor
research into post event discussion
gabbert et al - ppts in pairs
each watched a different perspective of a car accident, then asked to discuss, before completintg a recall test.
71% of ppts recalled info they weren;t shown,but their partner was
clive wearing
lost memory due to infection
could still walk and speak and play piano
stm stats
duration - 18s
capacity - 7 + - 2
coding - acoustic
fisher et al
enhanced cognitive interview
- focused on eye contact, open ended questions, minimising distractions etc
digit span research
jacobs
read out 3 digits, participant recalled immediately
if correct, then read out 4
repeat until failure
findings-
- mean span for digits = 9 items
- mean span for letters = 7.3
multi store model components
stimulus -> sensory register -> STM —(rehearsal) —> LTM
dodson et al
anxiety’s use in recall is an inverted U shape - increases up to a certain point before decreasing
