Approaches Flashcards
What is introspection?
The process by which a person gains knowledge of self, through self examination of emotions
What is the scientific method?
Objective, systematic and replicable investigation methods of testing/ modifying hypothesis based on these methods
What is structuralism?
Behaviours broken down into their simplest form
What are the limitations of Wundt’s theory?
Weren’t reliable reproduced by other researchers
Non observable responds
Introspection not entirely accurate
Nisbett and Wilson claimed that we have very little knowledge of the causes of our behaviour and attitude
Participants who were unaware of factors influencing them which showed implicit attitudes exist outside of conscious awareness
What are the strengths of the scientific method?
Knowledge acquired using the scientific method is more than passive acceptance of facts
Rely and belief in determination in order to establish cause and effect
Self-corrective
What are the limitations of the scientific approach?
Create contrived situations which tell us little about how people act in more natural environments. Giving low ecological validity
Much of the subject matter in psychology is unobservable
What is empiricism?
Belief that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and is not innate
What is the fundamental belief of the behaviourist approach
All behaviour is learnt through either classical or operant conditioning
What is classical conditioning
FaceTime reflex responses that occurred involuntarily which become associated with other stimuli
Who investigated classical conditioning
Pavlov
What was Pavlov able to do
Get dogs to solvate the sound of a bell as it had been associated with food
What was the unconditioned stimuli us in Pavlov’s research
Food
What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s research
Sound of bell
What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s research
Salivating
What are the features that Pavlov found important
Timing
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalisation
Explain timing as an important feature
If the NS cannot be used to predict the UCS, think conditioning does not take place
Discuss extinction as an important factor
The CR does not become permanently established eventually the effect of the disappears
Discussed spontaneous recovery as an important factor
Once put together again the link is easily remade
Discussed stimulus generalisation as an important factor
Once an animal has been conditioned they respond to other stimuli that is similar to the CS
What is a strength of classical conditioning
Lead to the development of treatments for the reduction of anxiety associated with phobias
Systematic desensitisation is a therapy based on classical conditioning as it eliminates learned anxious response therapist try to eliminate one learned response and replace it with another that the patient is no longer anxious.
The approach has been found to be effective for a range of phobias
What is the limitation of classical conditioning
Different species face different challenges to survive this means relationships between the CS and UCS tend to be more difficult to establish for some species.
Animals are prepared to learn associations but I’ll significant for survival yet I’m prepared to learn associations that are not in this respect making some associations harder than others
Who investigated operant conditioning
Skinner
What does Skinner theory show
Repeating of the behaviour could be shaped by either rewarding a punishing the behaviour Arrat learnt to press the lever that produces food very quickly
What is reinforcement
Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again